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1、科技英语写作,赵建玲,论文人称和时态,一、科技论文要求叙述客观，读者关注作者的研究内容和结论，而非作者本人，所以应避免使用-。二、论文常用时态1.叙述论文研究之前所进行的工作（通常出现在论文的-部分）具体时间或具体人的一般采用-；对以前工作的总结一般采用-。Lee et al.17-(report)a so-called hard anodization approach to obtain highly ordered PAA with a wide range of pore sizes and interpore distances.A lot of work-(devote)to in
2、vestigating the formation mechanisms of PAA 48,and considerable research efforts-(direct)toward the fabrication of the PAA with long-range ordered nanoholes 918.,2.实验经过、实验过程的描述通常采用-。The spectra-(record).The structure-(determine)by neutron diffraction methods.The electrolyte solutions-(prepare)from r
3、eagent grade chemicals and deionized water.The morphology of the PAA film-(characterize)by field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM,Hitachi S-4800).,3.图表介绍、公式说明、实验结果、实验结论等通常采用-。Fig.3-（show)SEM images of the as-prepared samples.In order to further understand the effect of EG on the morpholo
4、gy of PAA,EIS measurements-(carry)out for the films obtained in EG and aqueous solutions.Impedance spectra for the films-(illustrate)in Fig.5 in the form of Bode plot.The PAA films formed in both EG and aqueous solutions-(exhibit）a quasi linear change in the impedance modulus in the experimental fre
5、quency range with a slope close to 1.,总之：表示“报道、研究、综述”等，通常用一般现在时 In this paper we report the synthesis of RFC containing barium ferrite according to a specific method and its evaluation of dielectric and mechanical properties.The probable mode of evolution is discussed.叙述他人已报道的内容用一般过去时或现在完成时 In the p
6、ast decade public attention more and more focused on the potential applications of renewable resources.表示研究过程的行为通常用一般过去时 High Density Polyethylene(HDPE)was kindly supplied by FIAT(Italy).The HDPE was blended with the LDPE,in the molten state at high temperature(200),using a Brabender blender,equippe
7、d with rotating blades.表示实验结果及其产生的原因,通常用一般现在时 Tensile strength decreases with the addition of oxides.This is due to the poor interfacial adhesion between the oxide filler and nature rubber.如用一般过去时，则表示这一结论仅适用于该研究过程中的特定情况，不具普遍性 表示计划与预期的结果用将来时 In the coming years,scientists will try to collect signals
8、from outer space.,论文人称与时态,论文人称与时态,论文人称与时态,论文人称与时态,科技英语的选词,科技语言与口语的区别硫酸钾适用于怕氮作物。目前，相图的测绘已有许多方法，由于很多物质的热力学数据都已积累不少，一些人就干脆直接通过热力学计算的结果数据绘出相图，特别是采用了计算机之后，即使是较为复杂的相图也不在话下。,硫酸钾适用于不能施用氮化物的作物 相图的测绘有多种方法，甚至可利用现有的热力学数据借助计算机计算相当复杂的相图,选用稳重的规范词 Ask buy cheap similar enough 2.正式动词替代短语动词 吸收（take in-）；熄灭（put out-）;
9、维持（keep up-）3.避免使用口语或生活中常用的缩略词语 lots of;quite a few;lab;ad;Well;dont;cant4.尊重客观事实，不要滥用修辞（夸张、拟人、双关语等）,语句的一致性-主谓一致、代词与先行词一致,复合主语成为一个整体，或指同一个人、同一个地方、同一件事物，谓语动词用单数 Its inventor and practitioner is Robert.“there is”,“there are”句型，主语为复合主语时，谓语动词与靠近的主语一致 There was a teacher and several students in the labor
10、atory.There were several students and a teacher in the laboratory.用or,nor(或者eitheror,neithernor)连接的复合主语，有时用复数，有时用单数。复合主语中两主语均是单数时，谓语动词用单数；两个主语均是复数时，谓语动词用复数 The designer or another scientist usually announces the decision.Neither banks nor independent agencies offer appropriate life insurance policie
11、s.复合主语中一个主语是复数，另一个是单数，谓语动词与靠近的主语一致 Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.集合名词指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；指集体中各个体时用复数 That data is reliable.Do not form conclusion until the data have been gathered.代词与先行词一致 The purpose is to bring together several manuscript
12、s by active scientists and engineers and publish them in a single issue.,平行结构一致性原则,Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production which produces large numbers of identical parts.The nanoparticles dispersed in the Solution A were rela
13、tively large,deep color and varied in shape.The results suggested that during the precarbonization,the tension had an abrupt decrease before 480,and then increased rapidly,which could divide the process into two sections.,科技英语句子特征,The crude petroleum oil obtained from well consists of a mixture of h
14、ydrocarbons and each of these is a chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen.Born in Beijing,China in 1930,Yuan Longping came up with an idea for hybridizing rice in the 1960s,when a series of natural disasters had plunged China into an unprecedented famine.,语句结构严谨合理统一,句子成分间或段落中各个句子之间的协调一致，一个句子的各个部分或
15、段落内的各个句子都从属于一个中心，不存在游离于中心思想之外的句子。违反主从关系：主从颠倒、主从并列 意思不完整或不明确：成分残缺，结构混乱，表达不充分，表达不具体,包括意连（句子内在意义的逻辑关系）、形连（使用转换词语）叙述主体对象突然改变，逻辑衔接欠妥 A microcomputerized measuring system is developed.An I-V characteristic curve can be automatically acquired in 5 seconds with an accuracy of 0.05%.A microcomputerized measu
16、ring system is developed,which can automatically produce an I-V characteristic curve in 5 seconds with an accuracy of 0.05%.A microcomputerized measuring system is developed and it can automatically produce an I-V characteristic curve in 5 seconds with an accuracy of 0.05%.悬垂结构及比较对象问题 Splitting the
17、atom,many new elements were discovered by Seaborg.The results indicated that the content of iron in Sample A was higher than Sample B.,语句连贯性(coherence),完整性 The laboratory needed an operator.Preferably someone with intelligence and experience.The laboratory needed an operator,preferably someone with
18、intelligence and experience.Such comments neither contribute nor detract from his reputation.Such comments neither contribute to nor detract from his reputation.单义性（1）两个句子不以逗号连接 No one is born with knowledge,knowledge must be taught and learned.No one is born with knowledge;knowledge must be taught
19、and learned.（2）句子不应粘连（run-on sentence）The sensor requires little maintenance it can be place in difficult-access areas.The sensor requires little maintenance,so it can be place in difficult-access areas.,省略句较多,Oxygen has an ionic valence of-2,and chlorine has an ionic valence of-1.Let the pressure o
20、f the air per sq.cm.be donoted by P,and its total volume be denoted by V.Denmark already gets a fifth of its electricity from wind,and Germany gets a tenth of its electricity from wind.,省略句较多,If it is alloyed with tin,copper forms a series of alloys which are known as bronze.The metal alloys which a
21、re used inside the engine must be able to withstand the high temperature and pressures which are generated during its operation.Ceramic materials are inorganic materials which consist of metallic and nonmetallic elements which are chemically bonded together.Since it is composed of several different
22、pure substances,air is a mixture.,科技英语阿拉伯数字与数词的使用方法,基数词数字小于10时用数词（即全拼英文单词），10以上用阿拉伯数字，这一点中英文是相似的；序数词由“第一”(first)到“第九”(ninth)全部拼写，序数词第10以上前面部分用数字（即由阿拉伯数字和序数词词尾构成）。如：three flasks 30 flasks seven trees 10 trees third flasks eighth example first century 12th flasks 33rd example 21st century sixfold 20fo
23、ld 在某一系列或范围内只要含有数字10以上的就全部使用数字。如：5-15 experiments,句子开头用全拼数量词，如：Three micrograms of sample was dissolved in 20 mL of acid.Fifty samples were collected,but only 22 were tested.叙述中引用两个带有编号的项目，使用“and”。如：Figures 1 and 2 refs 23 and 24 compounds I and II 使用en dash表示范围，或3项以上的系列。如：Tables 14 temperatures of
24、100125 Refs 35 eqs 69 samples 510 pages 237239 pp 165172但如以“fromto”或“betweenand”的字样表示则不使用en dash。如：from 20 to 80,not from 2080 between 50 and 100 mL,not between 50100 mL,注意中、英文标点的差别,中文 英文 书名号“”或用不同字体 顿号、,凡中文使用顿号处英 文均使用逗号 句号。（科普读物）.（学术论文）省略号 破折号 em dash“”成对使用，注释 All three experimental parameterstempe
25、rature,time,and concentrationwere strictly followed.表示范围的一字线和波纹线 en dash“”表示范围 半字线“”构成复合词 en dash“”构成对等复合词(Oxidationreduction)hyphen“-”构成不对等复合词(light-year）,其它注意事项数字与单位之间空一格(单位是温度和%的除外)，如25 kg，35 cm，5%缩略词的复数形式应该置于点之前。Figs.1 and 2 show this process.The well-grounded reader may skip Chaps.1,2,and3.Eqs.
26、5 and 6 are very useful.The answers to all these exercises are given on pp.11 to 14.3.上下标、大小写等,改写下列句子，注意科技英语的修辞习惯,1.The total area under natural protection reaches 19330 hectares,and which account for 2.01%of the total of China.2.Coke has proved to be more efficient than any fuel we have tried.3.The
27、 boil point of the solution is higher than any of its separate components.4.A 80-lb force must be used here.5.Giving V and I,we can find out R.6.Speed is equal to distance dividing time.,改写下列句子，使其更符合科技英语规范,1.An initial analysis of the device parameters has been made and the results obtained are sati
28、sfactory.2.An electron is about as large as a nucleus,and its diameter is about 10-12 cm.3.S approximates e and its error is less than 10-7.4.A new method for solving this problem is presented.This method is simple and practicable.5.Because computers are accurate in operation and high in speed,they
29、have found wide applications in all fields.6.A capacitor is a device and it consists of two conductors which are separated by an insulator.7.The price for this instrument is expensive.8.Because this device is small in size,light and cheap,it has found wide applications in many fields.,根据科技英语规范，改写下段错
30、误。,We use zirconium foil as anodic electrode and platinum foil as cathodic electrode。The distance between anodic and cathodic electrodes was 20mm.We use 20KG NaOH aqueous solution as electrolyte.Fig.1,2 shows the XRD pattern of sample A and sample B annealed at different temperature.Its clearly seen
31、 that the unannealed sample exhibited a mixture of monoclinic ZrO2 and tetragonal ZrO2 structure.the tetragonal ZrO2 was still the predominant phase with the content being 84.4%、81.0%、and 76.8%when the sample annealed at 400 OC、600 OC、and 800 respectively。,各种复合句和长句,长而复杂的句子结构是科技英语的典型特征。找出各成分间的语法关系和逻辑
32、关系，确定主干（主句的主谓结构），再确定定语和状语等修饰成分，最后根据英语句式规律完成长句。,5月12日，中国四川成都西北偏西方向90公里发生了里氏8级、震中深度为19公里的强地震，造成约7万人丧生，许多人无家可归。,On May 12,an earthquake that measured at 8.0 magnitude on the richter scale with a depth of 19 kilometers,hit 90 kilometers west-northwest of Chengdu,capital city of Sichuan,China,killing som
33、e 70 thousands people and leaving many people homeless.,2.有关合成适用于化学气相沉积法的银化合物方面的最新进展，Puddephatt等人已经有所报道，而且还解释了为什么早期的银化合物不像类似结构的铜（I）化学物那样具有挥发性，但是，通过化学气相沉积制备大尺寸的银薄膜仍然很困难，并且技术成本很高。,Athough recent progress has been reported by Puddephatt et al.in the synthesis of appropriate silver complexed for CVD and in understanding why earlier silver complexes have not been as volatile as their Cu(I)analogues,yet the prepartion of large films via silver CVD deposition remains a difficult and costly technical problem.,
