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1、中考英语复习方案语法部分,第二篇 句法定语从句,复习要点1.定语从句的关系词2.定语从句的分类3.关系代词和关系副词的功用4.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法5.几个需要注意的事项,The Attributive Clause 定语从句,在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。This is Tom.Tom gave us a talk yesterday.This is Tom who(that)gave us a talk yesterday.先行词 定语从句,定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关
2、系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。,定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。限制性定语从句：主句和从句不隔开，从句不能省略，否则就会失掉意义不能成立。如：He is reading a book which is
3、 too difficult for him.Here is the boy who damaged the glass.非限制性定语从句：主句和从句用逗号隔开，从句对修饰的部分起到进一步说明的作用，拿掉后其它部分的语意仍保持完整。如：The book is written by Guo Jinming,who is only 19 years old.Bobs father,who was an engineer,spent 4 years in Egypt.Shanghai,which is developing fast,has become one of worlds trade ce
4、nter.注意点：1.非限制性定语从句不能用that引导.She is very fond of French,which indeed she speaks quite well.2.which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.Their house is washed away by the floods,which made them very sad.He lost his job finally,which was exactly what we wanted.,难点链接,关系代词和关系副词的功用 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关
5、系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。1.作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：I dont like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2.作宾语：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is
6、 called“The Great Escape”.3.作定语:关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：Whats the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4.作状语Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.,难点链接,各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。
7、例如：The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Do you know the young man(whom)we met at the gate？Mr.Lee(whom)you want to see has come.3.whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know
8、the boy whose father is a professor.4.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book(which)the teacher mentioned yesterday.5.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Ive read the newspaper that(which)carries the important news.Who is the person that is reading t
9、he newspaper over there?6.when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7.where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.8.why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作
10、用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.,难点链接,注意：1.当先行词和介词有关联时：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。（2）含有介词的固定
11、动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。,难点链接,2.只能使用that,不用which 的情况：a.当先行词是不定代词，如all,everything,anything,nothing,much,few,little,none,the one等时。如：All that can be
12、 done has been done.I didnt mean this one;I mean the one that was bought yesterday.b.先行词（指物的）前面有only,few,one of,little,no,all,every,very等词修饰时Theres no difficulty that we cant overcome.Ive read all the books that can be borrowed here.c.先行词被序数词first,last,next等或形容词的最高级修饰时This is the first letter that I
13、ve written in Japanese.She is the most careful girl that Ive ever known.d.当先行词既有人又有物时They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.The speaker talked of some writers and books that were unknown to us.e.当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时China isnt the country that she used to be 50 years
14、 ago.He is no longer the man that he used to be.Its a book that will help you a great deal.,难点链接,f当主句是以who,which或what开头的特殊疑问句时Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop?Which is the car that overtook us yesterday?g.当主句以There be结构开头时，或关系代词在there be结构中作实义主语，先行项为物There is a seat in the corner that
15、is still free.There are two tickets of the film that are for you.The 9.15 is the fastest train that there has ever been.h.当先行词是what时What did you hear that made you so angry?i.当先行词是基数词时Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive.3.只能用which
16、，不用that 的情况：a.在非限制性定语从中。例如：The meeting was put off,which was exactly what we wanted.b.定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.,难点链接,4.只用who不用that的情况a.先行词是one,ones或anyone时One who does not work hard will never succeed.Anyone who breaks the law should be puni
17、shed.She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.b.先行词为those 或被those修饰，指人时Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.c.在以there be的句子中，先行词为人时There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.d.当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行项都为人时The student that won the first prize is t
18、he monitor who works hard.e.当指人的先行项被一些指物的名词修饰时There s only one student in the school who I want to see.Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?f.在非限制性定语从句中指人I met a friend of mine in the street,who had just come from America.,难点链接,1.误 I wont tell you the na
19、me of the person who teach me Englis正 I wont tell you the name of the person who teaches me English析 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，从它本身看不出其数的形式，这时要由它的先行词决定。这里who 应由 the person 单数决定，应该用单数谓语动词。又如：I who am a student want to find a spare time job这里的 who 应与 I 是一致的，所以其谓语动词应该用am。2.误 We talked about the things and the pe
20、ople who we met during the Second World War 正 We talked about the things and the people that we met during the Second World War 析 这里的关系代词不要用 who，因为其先行词有两个一个是 things(物)，而另一个是people(人)，这时既不可用 who，又不可用 which，因前者只能用于先行词是人的情况下，而后者则用于先行词是物的情况下，所以只能用 that，因为它的先行词既可以是人又可以是物。3.误 The book，that I bought yester
21、day，was very good 正 The book，which I bought yesterday，was very good 析 先行词与定语从句被逗号分割开来时，即作为非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中 which，when，who，whom，where，when，whose 等都可以和限制性定语从句中的作用一样，而独有 that 不易用于非限制性定语从句。,正误辨析,4.误 The dictionary which I lent it yesterday is a very useful tool 正 The dictionary which I lent yesterday
22、 is a very useful tool 析 关系代词在定语从句中是要起语法作用的，它不是作主语就是作宾语。虽然在作宾语时它的位置由原来的宾语位置移到了句首，但它的作用依然存在，而且在原宾语位置上不能再出现宾语。5.误 The teacher I want to learn English from is the one which comes from America 正 The teacher I want to learn English from is the one who comes from America 析 the one，anyone，those 作代词并且是指某人、物
23、时，其关系代词不能用 which 应用 who。6.误 This is the room in that the old man lives 正 This is the room in which the old man lives 正 This is the room which the old man lives in 正 This is the room that the old man lives in 析 that 不能紧跟在介词后作介词宾语，但如果介词不前置仍放于句尾，则可用 that 作引导词，而且可以省略。如：This is the room the old man lives
24、 in,正误辨析,7.误 I can do everything which is good for you 正 I can do everything that is good for you 析 在先行词是 all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one 等不定代词时，虽然它们指的是物体，但不要用 which 而用 that 作定语从句的引导词。8.误 The only thing which the students can do is studying hard 正 The only thing th
25、at the students can do is studying hard 析 在先行词前有 only，any，few，little，no，all，one of 等词修饰时，虽然先行词指的是物，也不要用 which 作关系代词，而要用 that。9.误 This is the first American film which Ive ever seen 正 This is the first American film that Ive ever seen 析 在先行词是序数词，或由序数词修饰时，其关系代词不可用 which 这样的用法还有在形容词最高级修饰的先行词之后，如：This i
26、s the best book that I have ever seen10.误 He is from Africa,that we can see from the colour of the skin 正 He is from Africa,as we can see from the colour of the skin 析 当 as 或 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，它可能没有明确的先行词，它们所指代的是前面整个句子。如例题应译为他是从非洲来这个事情是可以从其肤色上看出的。,正误辨析,单项填空1.-Do you know the man _is talking with you
27、r fathe？-Yes，hes our headmaster.A.he B.who C.which D.whom2.Is this the river _I can swim？A.which B.in which C.that D.the one3.This is the best hotel in the city _I know.A.where B.which C.that D.it 4.Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day？A.that you bought B.you bought it C.that you bought it
28、D.which you bought it 5.Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands.A.which agrees B.who agreeC.who agrees D.which agree,课时训练,B,B,C,A,C,6.My watch is not the only thing _ is missing.A.that B.it C.which who7.The man _coat is black is waiting at the gate A.whos B.whose C.that of which.8.The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister.A.which；is B.whom；was C.who；is D.who；was9.I love places _the people are really friendly.A.that B.which C.where D.who10.The world _ is made up of matter.A.in that we live B.on which we live C.where we live in D.we live in,课时训练,A,B,C,C,C,
