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1、肾脏替代治疗应何时开始?,KDIGO急性肾损伤(AKI)定义,符合下列情形之一在48h内血清肌酐(SCr)上升0.3mg/dl(26.5umol/l);已知或假定肾损害发生在7d之内,(SCr)上升基础值的1.5倍;尿量0.5ml/(kg.h),持续6h。,KDIGO急性肾损伤(AKI)分期,KDIGO关于AKI开始RRT治疗时机意见,存在危及生命的水、电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱时应紧急启动RRT。决定是否开始RRT,应全面考虑患者的临床背景,是否存在能被RRT改善的 病情,综合实验室检测结果的变化趋势,而非仅观察尿素氮和肌酐水平。,RRT的时机?,早期“早期”策略的定义比教模糊,现用标准不统一。生
2、化标准:如血尿素氮(BUN)和血清肌酐(SCr)。依据AKI发生的时间或AKI的临床分期:例如使用危险、损伤、衰竭、肾功 能丧失、终末期肾病(RIFLE)或急性肾损伤工作组(AKIN)标准。晚期“晚期”即所谓的RRT“延迟”启动,经常被定义为存在“危及生命的指征”时,也被称为“绝对适应症”或“经典适应症”。改善全球肾脏病预后(KDIGO)实践指南,提出危及生命的指征如下:高钾血症、酸中毒、肺水肿和尿毒症并发症。,AKIKI试验,InitiationStrategiesforRenal-Replacement Therapyin theIntensive Care Unit.Gaudry S1,
3、Hajage D1,Schortgen F1,Martin-Lefevre L1,Pons B1,Boulet E1,Boyer A1,Chevrel G1,Lerolle N1,Carpentier D1,de Prost N1,Lautrette A1,Bretagnol A1,Mayaux J1,Nseir S1,Megarbane B1,Thirion M1,Forel JM1,Maizel J1,Yonis H1,Markowicz P1,Thiery G1,Tubach F1,Ricard JD1,Dreyfuss D1;AKIKI Study Group.Collaborator
4、s(32)Author informationAbstractBACKGROUND:The timing ofrenal-replacement therapyin critically ill patients who have acute kidney injury but no potentially life-threatening complication directly related torenalfailure is a subject of debate.METHODS:In this multicenter randomized trial,we assigned pat
5、ients with severe acute kidney injury(Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes KDIGO classification,stage 3 stages range from 1 to 3,with higher stages indicating more severe kidney injury)who required mechanical ventilation,catecholamine infusion,or both and did not have a potentially life-threaten
6、ing complication directly related torenalfailure to either an early or a delayed strategy ofrenal-replacement therapy.With the early strategy,renal-replacement therapywas started immediately after randomization.With the delayed strategy,renal-replacement therapywas initiated if at least one of the f
7、ollowing criteria was met:severe hyperkalemia,metabolic acidosis,pulmonary edema,blood urea nitrogen level higher than 112 mg per deciliter,or oliguria for more than 72 hours after randomization.The primary outcome was overall survival at day 60.RESULTS:A total of 620 patients underwent randomizatio
8、n.The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality at day 60 did not differ significantly between the early and delayedstrategies;150 deaths occurred among 311 patients in the early-strategy group(48.5%;95%confidence interval CI,42.6 to 53.8),and 153 deaths occurred among 308 patients in the delayed-strategy
9、 group(49.7%,95%CI,43.8 to 55.0;P=0.79).A total of 151 patients(49%)in the delayed-strategy group did not receiverenal-replacement therapy.The rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections was higher in the early-strategy group than in the delayed-strategy group(10%vs.5%,P=0.03).Diuresis,a marker
10、of improved kidney function,occurred earlier in the delayed-strategy group(P0.001).CONCLUSIONS:In a trial involving critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury,we found no significant difference with regard to mortality between an early and a delayed strategy for theinitiationofrenal-rep
11、lacement therapy.A delayed strategy averted the need forrenal-replacement therapyin an appreciable number of patients.,N Engl J Med.2016 Jul 14;375(2):122-33.,AKIKI试验,BACKGROUND:避免急性肾损伤重症患者发生与肾衰竭直接相关潜在威胁生命并发症的肾脏替代治疗时机一直是一个有争论的话题。,AKIKI试验,METHODS:急性肾损伤启动人工肾治疗(AKIKI)研究于2013年9月至2016年1月在法国31个ICU进行。在这项多中
12、心随机对照研究中,共纳入620例严重AKI(KDIGO 3期)患者,入选患者接受机械通气和(或)血管活性药物(肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素)治疗。主要的排除标准为入院即存在需要进行透析的危及生命的指征:严重的高钾血症、代谢性酸中毒、肺水肿或BUN112mg/dl。患者被随机分至“RRT早期治疗组”或“RRT晚期治疗组”,619例患者进行了分析。早期治疗组,纳入后立即进行RRT治疗。晚期治疗组,如果出现上述排除标准中的异常情况之一或少尿72小时,才启动RRT治疗。主要观察指标为60天生存率。,AKIKI试验,RESULTS:就60天的整体生存率而言,观察两组无显著差异,主要结果为:早期治疗组60天死亡
13、率为48.5%(150/311),晚期治疗组为49.7%(153/308)。重要的是,晚期治疗组49%(151/311)的患者未接受RRT治疗。仅分析那些接受RRT治疗的患者,早期治疗组60天死亡率为48.5%,晚期治疗组为61.8%。那些从未接受RRT治疗的患者死亡率最低(37.1%),其基线值与其他组相比,序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)显示(P0.0001),其病情严重程度较低。另外,早期治疗组更易出现导管相关性血流感染(10%31/311 VS.5%16/308,P=0.03)和低磷血症(22%69/311 VS.15%46/308,P=0.03)。以尿量为标志,晚期治疗组患者肾功能恢复可
14、能比早期治疗组更早(P0.001)。,AKIKI试验,CONCLUSIONS:在这项涉及严重急性肾脏损伤的危重病人的试验中,我们发现在早期治疗策略和延迟治疗策略之间的死亡率没有显著差异。延迟治疗策略避免了在相当数量的患者进行肾脏替代治疗。,ELAIN试验,Effect of Early vs Delayed Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy on Mortality in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury:The ELAIN Randomized Clinical Trial.Zarb
15、ock A1,Kellum JA2,Schmidt C1,Van Aken H1,Wempe C1,Pavenstdt H3,Boanta A1,Ger J4,Meersch M1.Author informationAbstractIMPORTANCE:Optimal timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy(RRT)for severe acute kidney injury(AKI)but without life-threatening indications is still unknown.OBJECTIVE:To dete
16、rmine whether early initiation of RRT in patients who are critically ill with AKI reduces 90-day all-cause mortality.DESIGN,SETTING,AND PARTICIPANTS:Single-center randomized clinical trial of 231 critically ill patients with AKI Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO)stage 2(2 times baseline
17、 or urinary output 0.5 mL/kg/h for 12 hours)and plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin level higher than 150 ng/mL enrolled between August 2013 and June 2015 from a university hospital in Germany.INTERVENTIONS:Early(within 8 hours of diagnosis of KDIGO stage 2;n=112)or delayed(within 12 h
18、ours of stage 3 AKI or no initiation;n=119)initiation of RRT.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:The primary end point was mortality at 90 days after randomization.Secondary end points included 28-and 60-day mortality,clinical evidence of organ dysfunction,recovery of renal function,requirement of RRT after
19、day 90,duration of renal support,and intensive care unit(ICU)and hospital length of stay.,JAMA.2016 May 24-31;315(20):2190-9.,ELAIN试验,RESULTS:Among 231 patients(mean age,67 years;men,146 63.2%),all patients in the early group(n=112)and 108 of 119 patients(90.8%)in the delayed group received RRT.All
20、patients completed follow-up at 90 days.Median time(Q1,Q3)from meeting full eligibility criteria to RRT initiation was significantly shorter in the early group(6.0 hours Q1,Q3:4.0,7.0)than in the delayed group(25.5 h Q1,Q3:18.8,40.3;difference,-21.0 95%CI,-24.0 to-18.0;P90 in the delayed group;P=.04
21、;HR,0.69 95%CI,0.48 to 1.00;difference,-18 days 95%CI,-41 to 4;hospital stay:51 days Q1,Q3:31,74 in the early group vs 82 days Q1,Q3:67,90 in the delayed group;P.001;HR,0.34 95%CI,0.22 to 0.52;difference,-37 days 95%CI,-to-19.5),but there was no significant effect on requirement of RRT after day 90,
22、organ dysfunction,and length of ICU stay.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:Among critically ill patients with AKI,early RRT compared with delayed initiation of RRT reduced mortality over the first 90 days.Further multicenter trials of this intervention are warranted.,JAMA.2016 May 24-31;315(20):2190-9.,ELAI
23、N试验,IMPORTANCE:严重急性肾脏损伤(AKI)但尚未出现威胁生命时启动肾脏替代治疗(RRT)治疗的最佳时机仍然不清楚。OBJECTIVE:确定在合并AKI的危重症患者中,早期RRT治疗是否能减少90天的全因死亡率。,ELAIN试验,DESIGN,SETTING,AND PARTICIPANTS:2013年8月至2015年7月于德国进行的单中心研究。共入选231名合并AKI的危重症患者。入选标准为KDIGO 2期且血浆中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)150 ng/ml。此外至少符合下列一项:严重脓毒症、大剂量的儿茶酚胺类药物、液体过负荷、或非肾脏SOFA评分2。INTERV
24、ENTIONS:早期组(诊断KDIGO2期8小时内启动RRT治疗,n=112),延迟组(诊断KDIGO3期或符合任意一项绝对适应证BUN100mg/dl,重度高钾血症(K6mEq/l),重度高镁血症(Mg8 mEq/l),尿量200ml/12h,器官水肿对袢利尿剂抵抗12小时后启动RRT治疗,n=119),ELAIN试验,MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:最主要的终点是在入组后90天的死亡率。次要终点包括28-60天死亡率,器官功能障碍,肾功能恢复,90天后RRT的需求,肾功能支持的持续时间以及住ICU时间和住院时间。,ELAIN试验,RESULTS:在231名患者中(平均
25、年龄,67岁;男性,146(63.2%)),所有早期组患者(n=112)和晚期组90.8%的患者(108/119)接受了RRT治疗。所有患者在90天内完成随访。从符合标准入组到RRT开始的平均时间早期组(6.0 h)比延迟组(25.5 h)要短得多,P0.001。与晚期组比较,早期组可显著降低其90天死亡率(39.3%44/112 VS.54.7%65/119,P=0.03)。与晚期组比较,更多的早期组患者在90天内恢复了肾功能(53.6%60/112 VS.38.7%46/119,P=0.02)。在早期组中,RRT的持续时间和住院时间的明显短于延迟组(RRT:9天VS 25天;住院时间:51
26、天VS 82天,P.001。)但是在90天之后,RRT的需求,器官功能障碍,以及住ICU时间两组间无显著差异。,ELAIN试验,CONCLUSIONS在合并AKI的危重症患者中,早期RRT与延迟的RRT治疗相比,降低了90天内病死率。进一步的多中心试验是有必要的。,等待观望or早期启动?,AKIKI和ELAIN的局限性,第一,AKIKI研究超过50%患者采用了间歇RRT(IRRT)治疗模式,仅有30%的患者采用了连续RRT(CRRT)。鉴于AKIKI入选的85%的患者接受了血管活性药物,CRRT是KDIGO和其他指南推荐的治疗模式。因此,早期启动RRT的潜在益处可能被其潜在危害所抵消。第二,随
27、机分至晚期组、未接受RRT的患者,其60天死亡率最低(37.1%56/151),接受晚期RRT的患者死亡率最高(61.8%97/157)。早期组患者死亡率置于二者之间(48.5%150/311)。因此,早期组包括了那些不需要RRT的患者。另一方面,对那些最终接受RRT的晚期组患者,RRT的启动可能太迟了。换句话说,采用早期启动策略存在不必要的治疗风险,同时,采用“等待和观望”策略又可能造成有害的延迟。,AKIKI和ELAIN的局限性,ELAIN试验也存在一些局限性。第一,大多数患者为心脏术后病人,因此样本的普遍性可能受到限制。第二,为单中心研究设计。第三,研究人员使用了一种生物标志物(血浆 N
28、GAL)排除了低风险患者。这种丰富的研究方法在AKI的临床试验中是应提倡的。但是,这一标志物相当新颖,世界上很少有肾脏病学专家或危重病学专家能够掌握这种方法。,结论,最近的AKIKI、ELAIN RCTs结果还是不能提供给我们关于RRT启动时机的明确答案。根据AKIKI和ELAIN这两项RCTs结果,能够得出的结论是:我们不应该在患者不需要RRT时即开始早期RRT,我们也不应该在患者需要它时而延迟RRT。,最佳时机?,需要或不需要RRT是关键,RRT的最佳时机:“以时间为中心”到“以患者为中心”。最佳的预测模型可能是一些ICU参数的组合(如,累积的和最近的液体平衡、近期的尿量、疾病的严重程度),生物标志物和/或呋塞米负荷试验。,