《HazardousandToxicWaste有害有毒废弃物.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《HazardousandToxicWaste有害有毒废弃物.ppt（65页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Hazardous and Toxic Waste,Environmental concerns and heath problems of hazardous waste;toxicity and its measurement,Learning outcomes,When you have studied the information in this lecture you should be able to:Define solid waste and compare solid waste disposal methodsIdentify the sources of toxic w
2、asteIdentify major environmental toxinsExplain effect of toxic pollutantsExplain how waste is classified,Topics,Solid WasteToxicityClassification and Characteristics of wastePharmaceutical WastesHazardous waste management,What is Solid Waste?,The term solid waste means any refuse,sludge from a waste
3、 treatment plant,water supply treatment plant,or air pollution control facility and other discarded material,including solid,liquid,semisolid,or containing gaseous material resulting from industrial,commercial,mining,and agricultural operations,and from community activities,but does not include soli
4、d or dissolved material in domestic sewage.,Types of Solid Wastes,Municipal Solid Waste(MSW)-what“we”produce dailyHazardous WasteA subset of solid wasteIndustrial WasteAgricultural WasteMining Waste,Medical WasteAir Pollution Control ResidualsWWTP residuals Organic and bacteria residue from wasteWTP
5、 residualsMainly metallic salt,How Do You Manage Solid Waste?,PreventMinimizeRecycleCompostWaste to EnergyLandfill,Waste Prevention and Source Reduction,Re-engineering of a product or processUse less packagingRe-useDo not let the material enter the waste stream in the first placeConsume less materia
6、lsExample:Double-sided printing,Recycling,Taking a discarded product and using to make a new productSame as first oneAn entirely new productExamples?,Recycled municipal solid waste components,FibersNewspaperCardboardOffice PaperContainersGlassPlasticMetal,Major Markets:New paper products,other produ
7、cts(e.g.insulation),Recycled municipal solid waste components,FibersNewspaperCardboardOffice PaperContainersGlassPlasticMetal,Commonly recycled plastics再生塑料,PET(polyethylene terephthalate)Original use:Beverage bottlesRecycled use:Carpet fibres,insulationHDPEOriginal use:milk,juice bottlesRecycled us
8、e:oil and soap bottles,drain pipes,PVCOriginal use:food wraps,bottlesRecycled use:floor tiles,traffic conesLDPEOriginal use:bin bags,wrapsRecyled use:irrigation pipes,oil bottles,Composting 堆肥,A form of biological treatmentAerobic 有氧DiverseFungi,bacteria,insects,wormsAnaerobic 厭氧Fairly well defined
9、groups of bacteriaCommonly applied to bio-solids,garden waste and agricultural wasteLess commonly applied to MSW,What types of solid waste are produced as a result of pharmaceutical production?,Toxicity,Measure the degree to which something is toxic or poisonousDepends on dose,duration and route of
10、exposureExposure routes DermalInhalationIngestion,Toxins,Term toxin usually used when talking about toxic substances produced naturallyA toxin is a poisonous substance of microbial,vegetable or synthetic origin that reacts to kill cells,alter growth or kill the organism,Plant Toxins did you know?,St
11、ones and pips of apricots,plums,cherries,peaches,apples and pears all contain glycosides which if eaten release potentially lethal doses of cyanide Rhubarb contain large quantities of oxalic acid,which interferes with calcium absorption,Plant Toxins did you know?,Many plants of the Brassicia(cabbage
12、)family contain goitrogens goitrogens interfere with the production of thyroid hormones by preventing iodine incorporationPotatoes which have turned green,sprouted or have developed a bitter taste are toxic because they contain solanine.Defence mechanism for the plant(e.g.anti-fungal properties)Hone
13、y from rhododendrons is highly toxic,Toxins in Nature did you know?,The liver of the blow fish(puffer fish)is extremely poisonousThere is cyanide in cassava and almonds(there are official limits for cyanide concentration in marzipan).,Belladonna,strychnine and aconite:three of the most poisonous pla
14、nts in the world.One of these deadly alkaloid toxins was used to murder Alexander the Great.,Cherry lauryl:leaves can cause cyanide poisoning.Often found in hedges and in parks.,Amanita phalloides,the death cap mushroom,is a cause of acute liver failure,Types of toxic entities,ChemicalExample;Heavy
15、metals,pesticidesBiologicalthreshold value can be a single organismPlant toxins-yew treeAnimal toxins snake bitesPhysicalHeat and cold,IR and UV radiation,X rays and gamma rays,alpha and beta rays,Environmental Toxins,Some are designed to be toxic(e.g.,pesticides,herbicides),while others are used fo
16、r industrial purposes.Most toxins can be categorized into the following groups.Dioxins and FuransPCBs(Polychlorinated biphenyls)HCB(hexachlorobenzene)PesticidesHeavy Metals,Dioxins and Furans,Dioxins and Furans are chlorinated chemicals that originate from various sources,including waste incinerator
17、s,waste water from paper industry and by-products from general industry.The term Dioxins include 75 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin(PCDD)and 135 polychlorinated dibenzo furan(PCDF)substances.Of these,17 are toxic in very small amounts.,PCBs(Polychlorinated biphenyls),PCBs were used for many years i
18、n transformers,capacitors and certain building materials.Although PCBs are not produced today,they are still found in the environment from the disposal of products containing PCBs.,Hexachlorobenzene:HCB is a by-product from chlorine gas and pesticide production.PesticidesPesticides include DDT dichl
19、orodiphenyltrichloroethane(insecticide),toxaphene,chlordane,lindane and HCH.Insecticides include Organophosphorus and carbamate compounds(anticholinesterase compunds=nerve agents)and Chlorinated hydrocarbons,Environmental Toxins,Heavy MetalsThe most common heavy metals disposed of by industry are Me
20、rcury,Lead,Chromium,and Arsenic.Heavy metals are also found naturally in the environment.,Environmental Toxins,Biomagnification and Bioaccumulation,Bioaccumulation 生物蓄積性 is the increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism 有機體 in a food chain 食物鏈,it refers to ho
21、w pollutants enter the food chainBiomagnification 生物放大 is the increase of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another.It refers to the tendency 傾向 of a pollutant to concentrate 集中 as they move from trophic level 營養水平 in an ecosystem 生態系統 to the next.,Biological Magnification 生物 放大 process w
22、hereby substances move up the food chain,work their way into rivers or lakes,and are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fishThe fish in turn are eaten by large birds,animals or humans.The substances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chainE.g.pesticides or heavy me
23、talsBioaccumulants:substances 物質 that increase in concentration in living organisms 增加 濃度 生物 as they take in contaminated air,water,or food Why do certain substances bio-accumulate?They are very slowly metabolized 代謝 or excreted 排泄.,Bioaccumulation 生物蓄積性 occurs within a trophic level and is the incr
24、ease in concentration of a substance in certain tissues of organisms bodies due to absorption from food and the environment由於從食物中吸收和環境Bioconcentration 生物富集 occurs when uptake from the water is greater than excretion 從水中吸收大於排泄.Thus bioconcentration and bioaccumulation occur within an organism,and bio
25、magnification occurs across trophic(food chain)levels.,First synthesized by German chemist in 1874,in 1930s Paul Muller discovered that it was a potent insecticide,During WWII it was used on soldiers and refugees to kill lice,Muller received a Nobel Prize for his discovery,By the 1960s,DDT had becom
26、e a household item,the worlds most used pesticide,and was considered harmless,Example of Bioaccumulation DDT(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane),Gulls,which feed on clams,may accumulate DDT to 40 or more times the concentration in their prey.This represents a 400-fold increase in concentration along th
27、e length of this short food chain.,Example of Bioaccumulation-DDT,Water0.000002 ppm,Biomagnification of PCBS in aquatic food chain,Endocrine Disruptors,Endocrine Disruptors 內分泌 干擾物:these are oestrogen mimic chemicals that interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system(glands including th
28、yroid,adrenals,ovaries,testicles)Mimic hormone,trigger identical response,block a hormoneDo not follow the normal dose/response curve Active at much lower doses,especially in the fetus and newbornEstradiols,progesterone,testosteroneNatural and synthetic hormones,pesticides,industrial chemicals used
29、in the manufacture of paints and detergents,phthalates from the plastics industry,and many pharmaceuticals,Examples,EstradiolsPolyphenolsDDT,ProgesteroneTestosterone,InfertilityHormonally triggered human cancersNeurological disorders in childrenHyperactivityAttention deficitDevelopmental&reproductiv
30、e problems in wildlife,Effects of Endocrine disruptors,Endocrine disruptors,Can cause congenital mis-programming of the endocrine system Can reduce fertility,especially in femalesRisk to long-term abundance and viability of wildlife species Enter the environment from municipal,agricultural,and indus
31、trial wastewaters.,Dose and dose-response,Dose is the actual amount of a chemical that enters the bodyAcute(short time period)Chronic(long time period)Dose-response relationship between exposure and health effect,Dose and dose-response,Threshold dose 閾值劑量 no observed effect level.This is the level b
32、elow which adverse effects are not seen in the populationLD50median lethal dose of atoxin,radiation,orpathogenis thedoserequired to kill half the members of a tested populationIndividual susceptibility and sensitive sub-population,Level mg/kg,100%,50%,LD 50,LD50 curve,Toxicities LD50,EthanolORAL-RAT
33、 LD50 7060 mg kg-1 Ethyl Ethanol:7,060 mg/kg=7.1g/kg=LD50i.e.about 7 bottles of wine will kill 50%of the rat populationORL-CHD LDLO 2000 mg kg-1(lowest published lethal dose for a child),Toxicities LD50,ParacetamolOral rat LD50:2404 mg/kg In adults,single doses above 10grams or 150mg/kg have a reaso
34、nable likelihood of causing toxicity.Toxicity can also occur when multiple smaller doses within 24 hours exceeds these levels,or even with chronic ingestion of doses as low as 4g/day,and death with as little as 6g/day.,Ethanol:10,000 mg/kg=10g/kg=LD50i.e.about 10 bottles of wine,Solid waste classifi
35、cation Regulatory basis,The European Waste Catalogue and hazardous waste list are used for the classification of all wastes and hazardous wastes in the EUEWC and Hazardous waste list are designed to form a consistent waste classification system across the EU.,In China:NCHW National Catalogue of Haza
36、rdous Wastes They form the basis for all national and international waste reporting obligations,such as those associated with waste licenses and permits,the National Waste Database the transport of waste,Solid waste classification Regulatory basis,Solid waste classification steps,Consult the Waste M
37、anagement Act.lists the different categories of wasteConsult the EPA document European or Chinese Waste Catalogue and Hazardous Waste Listthe origin of waste or type of waste.The Waste Catalogue gives information on acceptable test methods to determine the properties of the waste i.e.harmful,explosi
38、ve,eco-toxic,toxic etc.The characteristics of the waste is measured against specific criteria.,Properties of waste,ExplosiveOxidisingFlammable IrritantHarmfulToxic Carcinogenic,CorrosiveInfectiousToxic for reproductionMutagenicEcotoxicResiduary hazardous property,To classify waste as hazardous or no
39、n-hazardous,waste must be tested for these properties or analysed for waste components,Characteristic of Corrosivity,An aqueous solution having a pH 2 or 12.5Examples:Primarily compounding chemicalsGlacial Acetic AcidSodium HydroxideHazardous waste number:D002,Characteristic of Toxicity,Approximatel
40、y 40 chemicals meet specific leaching concentrationsExamples of potential toxic pharmaceuticals:Arsenicm-CresolBarium Mercury(thimerosal)CadmiumPhenylmercuric acetateChloroformSelenium ChromiumSilverLindane,Preservatives:thimerosal&m-cresol,Heavy Metals:Selenium,Chromium and Silver,Examples of Pharm
41、aceuticals Exhibiting the Characteristic of Toxicity,Characteristic of Reactivity,“Reactive hazard is used to refer to a substance that undergoes a violent or abnormal reaction in the presence of water or under normal ambient atmospheric conditions.Examples Ethyl ether,isopropyl ether,dioxane,tetrah
42、ydrofuran and many other ethers absorb and react with oxygen from the air to form unstable peroxides which may detonate with violence,Carcinogens,There are many natural carcinogens.Aflatoxin B1 黃曲霉毒素B1,which is produced by the fungus Aspergillis flavus growing on stored grains,nuts and peanut butter
43、,is an example of a potent,natural microbial carcinogen.Certain viruses such as Hepatitis B B型肝炎 and human papilloma viruses 人類乳頭狀瘤病毒have been found to cause cancer in humans.,Aspergillis flavus,More Carcinogens,Benzene,asbestos 石棉,and the waste rock of oil shale mining 油頁岩 have all been classified
44、as carcinogenic.As far back as the 1930s,industrial smoke and tobacco smoke were identified as sources of dozens of carcinogens,including benzyopyrene and tobacco-specific nitrosaminesReactive aldehydes such as formaldehyde also carcinogenic which is also a hazard in making plastics.Vinyl chloride,f
45、rom which PVC is manufactured,is a carcinogen,Pharmaceuticals Enteringthe Waste Stream,Waste raw Materials from Manufacturing ProcessWastage at the Distributor/Pharmacy/Healthcare FacilityExpired PharmaceuticalsWastage at the Consumer LevelMetabolites Entering Wastewater,Waste drugs from healthcare
46、facilities,Sewer SystemUnused,partial IVs,including antibioticsLiquidsRed Infectious Waste Sharps Containers,BagsYellow or White Chemotherapy Sharps Containers,illegal dumps?,Source:Brown,Michael,“Drums of Death”,Audubon,120 July 1980.,How is Pharmaceutical Waste Generated at a Healthcare Facility?,
47、IV PreparationSpills/BreakagePartially Used Vials/SyringesIf contaminated they are bio-hazardousDiscontinued unused PreparationsDiscontinued undated PharmaceuticalsPatients personal medicationsOutdated Pharmaceuticals,Where is Pharmaceutical Waste Generated outside the industry?,PharmacyPatient Care
48、 UnitsHospitalsClinicsLong Term Care FacilitiesHome Health Care Services,Which Discarded Drugs Become Hazardous Waste?,Characterise hazardous waste as per Waste Cataolgue and Waste Management ActIgnitability 點燃Toxicity 有毒Corrosivity 腐蝕性的Reactivity 反應,Examples of Pharmaceutical Process Waste,Solvents
49、 from manufacture of APISolids from API processingWater from chemical processBiological waste from microorganisms in biopharmaceutical processes Blood and tissue waste from clinical studiesGas emissionsWaste by-product from API processSolvent VOCs volatile organic compounds,Examples of hazardousPhar
50、maceuticals,Wastewater Treatment,Wastewater Treatment:What is measured?,S.S.C.O.D.T.S.Total nitrogen,PhosphatesOils,fats and greaseAmmonia,sulphate,chloride,SolventsPharmaceutical actives,How Can Hazardous Waste Generation Be Minimized?,Substitute with a less hazardous chemical?Problem:the hazardous
