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1、IELTS写作总结,雅思写作简介：,全程时间:2小时55分 写作时间:60分 Task 1 20分 图表作文(150字以上)Task 2 40分 议论文(250字以上)雅思评分:9分制(留学需要6分以上,最好达到7分)分项式评分:根据具体评分细则给分 Task 1 Organization Idea Language,大作文基本情况,议论类说明类,说明类,Problem+Reasons+Solution,TASK 2 议论文写作类型,Report（10%）题目中不给出任何观点，只是给出一种现象，让你分析这种现象的causes,solutions,effect等。题目中常出现What are?这
2、两个词Argumentation 题目让考生辩论观点或者比较利弊,10秒钟确定文章结构,四段式 VS 五段式剑桥考官写的范文多数都是四段折中式。五段式适合考场里水平高的“大牛”,Report框架,Argumentation 框架,特别提示,结构只是一个整体框架，具体写作的时候是可以局部调整的。分论点不要过多，否则像流水账，但支持句是绝对不怕多的。如果时间够，想法够就尽量多写。不必追求深刻，符合生活常理就可以。,一边倒框架,一边倒（五段）基本已经被雪藏，除非你是考场“牛人”第一段：开头，表明文章观点第二段：优势/劣势A+例子第三段：优势/劣势B+例子第四段：优势/劣势C+例子第五段：结尾，重申文
3、章观点或自己态度+提出建议。,两分法框架,两分法（四段）第一段：开头，客观陈述第二段：优势A例子A、优势B例子B、优势C例子C第三段：劣势A例子A、劣势B例子B、劣势C例子C第四段：结尾，提出自己的观点，优势或或=劣势，一般都是critical perspective。,Task2开头段写法组成：开头句（Opening sentence）+中心论点 步骤：引入话题，同义转述，再根据写作任务表达中心论点,TASK 2 开头段写法-HOOKS,Funnel Hook（漏斗鱼钩）Question Hook（问题鱼钩）Refutation Hook（驳斥鱼钩）Quotation Hook（引用鱼钩）S
4、tory Hook（故事鱼钩）,P.S:是考生常用写作方法，也是最容易掌握的，因此一定要练好（考试中没准能写的出来的就真只有这种）。是牛人用的，能写得很精彩，但要在短时间内写出太难，因此作为了解。介于和中间，想拿高分不妨练练这个至于和嘛，RP好的人才能写好，因此PASS=V=,Funnel Hook（漏斗鱼钩）,于是请想象一个倒三角，上面一层（第一句）介绍社会总体情况，中间（第二句）讲具体事件（点题），下面的尖尖（第三句）表态P.S:句与句之间要用连接词下面来看例子,写作方法：由宽到窄，由大到小，像漏斗一样（由于上课放空，所以这一段笔记没抄到囧，但是这种写作手法用的很多）,World/soci
5、ety,opinion,Issue/example,Topic:Some people think students should be allowed to evaluate their teachers job performance.Others believe that will lead to loss of respect and discipline.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,Funnel Hook（漏斗鱼钩）,e.g.:Today,it is standard practice for business exec
6、utives to fill out performance-evaluation forms to give their assessment of their subordinates work.（总体情况）But whether students should evaluate school teachers job performance by their students has caused serious debate.Some believe that students should be allowed to do so,while others claim that dis
7、respect and indiscipline will ensure if students evaluate their teachers work.（具体事件）Personally,I believe both these two views have some merit.,再来看一个例子Topic:Some people think the media should not report details of crimes to the public.To what extent do you agree or disagree?E.g.:With the crime rate h
8、overing at high levels,the print media as well as the electronic media dedicate large proportion of their space or airtime to detailed crime coverage.(总体情况)Whether the media should present detailed accounts of crimes has caused serious debate.Many people believe that the news media should stop givin
9、g details of crimes.(具体事件)I totally agree with their view.(表态),Funnel Hook（漏斗鱼钩）,三个问题QA、QB、QC，分别与主体段中的观点A、B、C呼应，从细小点切入，事例具体化，引起读者共鸣，造就排比气势，最后引出话题。Do you feel trouble if your favorite makeup you bought is with inferior quality?Do you feel uncomfortable to see advertisements stuck all corner when walk
10、ing down the street?Do you feel frustrated when having good products but facing a great deal of expense and do not know where to collect it?再加一句引出的,Question Hook（问题鱼钩）,Refutation Hook（驳斥鱼钩）,可以作为冲刺的目标，但如不能在短时间内写出，不建议用这个。共四句1、指出对方缺点/优点2、示例（简写概括即可）3、转折，引出己方观点，制造悬念（关键）4、引出话题（一般是套话）,As the development of
11、 media technology,there is too much convenience for advertisers to advertise in every aspect of peoples life.(指出缺点)For example,tax messages,phone calls,leaflets and television as well which really troubled our daily life.(示例)However,can everyone imagine what situation would led to without the inform
12、ation that the advertisement carried?(转折)Hence,critical perspective should be taken onto this controversial issue.,Opening sentence 具体五种方法:,（一）引人入胜 思路：用一个比较有趣的话题先吊起考官的胃口，并吸引他们往下看题目 1：Many schools demand the students to wear uniforms.Some people think that such a practice can undermine their personal
13、ity and individuality.范文：The issue of whether the practice of requiring students to wearschool uniforms will affect their personality and individuality is of great interest to many people.,备选：Be of great concern for many parents引起父母的关注Be of great importance to many scientists对科学家来说至关重要Be of great si
14、gnificance to both A and B对于 A 和 B 都是非常重要的,题目 2.：人类如何定义和追求幸福，这样的问题引起公众广泛的争议。范文：The question of how human beings can define and pursue happiness is a matter of much contention among the general public.备选：The question of _ has been widely debate in the world of politics.,（二）、力排众议 思路：,先驳斥大众的某个普遍但却错误的观念
15、，指出其与现实不符，然后提出自己的想法 或正确想法，并在主体段列举各种理由、证据以及活生生和例子来论证。套路：Although it is+副词+过去分词+that.，this is.,题目 1：The older generations have very traditional ideas about the correct ways of life,thinking and behavior.However,some people think that these ideas are not helpful for the young generations to prepare for
16、 modern life.范文 1：Although it is commonly believed that conventional views about a healthy lifestyle and proper conduct are no longer to young peoples needs today,this is actually not the case.,题目 2：越来越少人照看年老的亲属，而是把他们送到专业人士那边去。范文 2：Although many people subscribe to the belief that their old relative
17、s can be taken better care of in a nursing home,this is in fact a common misconception that we need to clear up.From my point of view,it is the younger family members who should really be responsible for looking after these old people during the rest of their lives.,释义：普遍认为，但事实并非如下。Although it is co
18、mmonly believed that,this is actually not the case.许多人认同这样的观点，但事实上这却是一种我们需要去澄清的普遍错误观念。Although many people subscribe to the belief that.,this is in fact a common misconception that we need to clear up.大众观念认为.，但是现实状况却远比这种观念复杂得多。Although conventional wisdom has it that.,the reality of the situation is
19、 often far more complicated than that.,(三)、放眼世界 思路：,从“时间”或“地点”的跨度着手，比如：过去怎么样？题目 1：Some people support the development in agriculture,such as farming industry and the scientific creation of new types of fruit and vegetables.Others oppose this development.Discuss both views and state your opinion.,范文：
20、Recent decades have witnessed a major transformation in agricultural development,where industrial technologies are being employed and new varieties of crops are being created.Yet,opponents of this development have raised a number of difficult questions.From my opinion of views,this is a really compl
21、icated matter,and we need further investigations to understand the bigger picture.备选：Recent decades have witnessed an increase awareness of释义：understand the bigger picture 了解事物的全貌,题目 2：With divorce rates and family breakdowns increasing globally,it is generally accepted that families today are not a
22、s close they used to be.范文 2：Divorce and family breakdown were virtually unheard of just 100 years ago.Now,however,almost half of all marriages fail.This phenomenon is symptomatic of the growing distance between family members in modern society.,(四)、兼收并蓄,题目 1：谁该为修路付费，个人还是政府？范文：Some people hold the o
23、pinion that the government should make more investments is expanding and improving road systems,whereasothers who are not so convinced present the counterargument that it is the responsibility of the growing number of private car users to deal with the huge costs.In my opinion,both sides of the argu
24、ment have theirown reasons,and we need a detailed analysis to get to the root of this controversy.,(五)、异军突起,题目 1：谈个人科技的发展与贫富差异范 文 1：With the huge expansion of high technologies available to individuals,it is sometimes argued that economic and cultural gaps between the rich and poor are being further
25、 widened.,题目 2：淡大型超市和商场的急剧扩张.范文 2：With the unprecedented explosion of large supermarkets and shopping malls,a lot of small local shops have quietly disappeared while the remaining ones are struggling for hopeless survival.释义：unprecedented explosion前所未有的爆发,范文 3：With the continuous and gradual evoluti
26、on of mass media,many serious crimes are now described in greater detail on newspapers,television and the Internet,raising considerable public concern over personal safety and social stability.范文 4：With the mass extinction of endangered and rare species,manycountries have taken harsh measures agains
27、t illegal hunting,unregulated dumping of industrial waste and rampant destruction of their natural habitats by human developers.,Task2 主体段论证,TASK 2 主体段,简单来说，就是每段主体段一个观点对应一个例子证明，能举例证明最好，想不出例子就推理证明。话题技巧：避免重复，即同义转换和代词替换。E.g.:schooling学校教育同义词：classroom instruction pursuing a program attending lectures r
28、egular education studies at school tutorial system,TASK 2 主体段论证八法,（一）、举例论证(Exemplification)Sample 1：亚洲国家正以惊人的速度变得西方化.以中国为例,当青少年去看电影的时候,他们 一般都选择好莱坞大片而不选择国产电影.范文 1：The Asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate.Take China for example,when youngsters go to the movies,it is common for
29、them to choose Hollywood blockbusters over domestic films.,Sample 2：大量证据表明，破裂家庭的子女出现情感、行为障碍或触犯法律的可能性是完整家庭子女的 23 倍。范文 2：A large body of evidence proves that children from broken families are two or three times as likely as those in intact families to have emotional or behavioral problems or get into
30、trouble with the law.,（二）、引用论证思路：引用“科学证据、研究成果、学术刊物、统计数据”Sample：员工和雇主能否都获益于“在家上班”范文：There is some incontrovertible to suggest that both employees and employers can benefit a lot from the growing trend of telecommuting.According to a recent article published in the world-famous Nature Journal,while th
31、e average telecommuter can save a considerable portion of their travel expenses,it is estimated that their companies can cut operational costs by almost one third if 25%of the staff are allowed to work at home.,（三）、递进论证,Sample 1：科学研究应由政府还是私人机构开展,范文 1：There are many reasons for entrusting scientific
32、research to the governments rather than private companies.支持 1To begin with,many large-scale and long-term research projects require substantial funding that only national governments can afford.支持 2In the second place,first-rate scientists who enjoy international reputation are largely concentrated
33、 in government-sponsored research institutions.支 持 3Lastly,since most private companies are profit-orientated,the findings and conclusions from their research are more likely to be skewed or biased and even represent the interests of a small group.,剖析：支持 1：大型、长期的研究项目需要大量的资金，通常只有政府有这样的财力；支持 2：一流科学家大量
34、集中在由政府资助的研究机构中；支持 3：私人机构大都以利益为导向，故而得出的结果可能是歪曲或带有偏见的，甚至代表某些小团体的利益。注意：不要用 Last but not least，否则引起考官反感，直接用 Lastly 即可!,（四）、对比论证（Comparison and Contrast）思路：正面思维枯竭时，可以换位思考（“逆向思维”），通过 A 烘托出 B 的优/缺点,题目：探讨老师应该教会学生辩明是否？还是只负责课程教授而不管其他方面提纲：正面论述 1：道德品质的教育比知识更重要（递进法）正面论述 2：良好的行为可以促进学生的学习进步（递进法）正面论述 3：最新的研究证据表明：优秀
35、的学生往往两面俱佳（引用法）反面论述 1：放弃道德行为的教育会产生许多问题（对比法）,范例：.,teaching students how to distinguish right from wrong is matter of utmost importance in education,especially during their formative years.【支持 1】To begin with,such moral education is often regarded by most teachers as much more important than teaching t
36、hem academic knowledge.【支持 2】In addition,being fully aware of the difference between right and wrong effectively improves their own behavior,which can in turn facilitate their learning process.【支 持 3】According to a recent study conducted by a team of Canadian researchers of University of Toronto,man
37、y top students in high school not only perform well academically,but they also generally show decent behavior in a consistent way.【反面论述1】In sharp contrast,not providing young students with a proper moral education is a sure recipe for disaster because a number of serious problems may result from thi
38、s failure.,（五）、因果认证(Cause and effect)思路：分为两类讲事物原因；事情结果。模板 1：Be 动词+过去分词+介词be(directly)linked to.be(strongly)related to be(unquestionably)tied to be(closely)connected with be(largely)associated with,模板 2：as since due to owing to hence thus therefore as a consequence/result/consequently thereby:以此达到目的(
39、不能用在句首,而且后面是加动名词),模板 3：lead to(从句)give rise to(从句)contribute to(从句)result in(从句),题目 1：生态问题正在被恶化,因此,我们必须采取措施解决环境问题.范文 1：The ecological problems are being aggravated;therefore,it is imperative that we take measures to combat the pollution of the environment.,题目 3：Many people use distance-learning prog
40、rams(study material post,TV,Internet,etc)to study at home,but some think that it cannot bring as benefits as attending college or university.To what extent to you agree or disagree with this opinion?解析：属于半支持半反对类型：主体段一：提出反对理由 写 distance learning 的好处(Benefits)主体段二：提出支持理由 写 distance learning 的坏处之一(Prob
41、lem1)主体段三：提出支持理由 写 distance learning 的坏处之二(Problem2),范文 3：(主体段二)【主题句】Despite the convenience and relatively low cost of distance learning,it would be wise for us to consider it downside.【支持 1】One of the biggest problems is that it cannot create an environment that is conducive to the students learni
42、ng process,especially the much-needed interaction with their professors and classmates.【支持 2】This may result in a terrible sense of disconnection and even social isolation among the learners.【支持 3】In comparison,attending college or university is a more pleasant and exciting experience for young stud
43、ents as they can combine academic learning with a wide variety of social and extracurricular activities.,备注：本段写作模式为“1+3”，即一个主题句+三个支持句。【主题句】以 despite 为引导的让步状语从句开始，总结主体段一中分析的好处，可视为“转折法；【支持 1】为“递进法”；【支持 2】为“指代法”+“因果法”；【支持 3】采用了“对比法”。,（六）、指代法思路：用词出现 this,that,these,those,it,they,such 等代词，与其他方法配合应用 模板 1：
44、This is clearly shown in the following example:.(从句)+举例法,题目 1：淡新闻报纸对人们思想的巨大影响适用于传媒/网络类话题范文 1：When it comes to how public opinion is formed,newspapers are unquestionably one of the strongest powers.This is clearly shown in the following example:many high school students in America who take the SAT ar
45、e in the habit of citing articles from a wide variety of influential newspapers in their writing.,模板 2：This has already been proved by the case of+举例法题目 2：谈越来越多年轻人失业的社会问题范文 2：There is no denying that chronic youth joblessness is a contributing factor of social instability.This has already been prove
46、d by the case of increased criminal activities among unemployed or underemployed urban youngsters,many of whom even regard these wrongdoings as a way to make a living.,（七）、转折法套路：However,.从句 Yet,从句 Nevertheless,从句 Nonetheless,从句 In spite of,.,（八）、小结法 思路：在其他方法无法使用或很难使用的时候，可以考虑用“小结法”来凑数 注意：无论多少个主体段，但“小
47、结法”只可用一个，不可多用。,TASK2结尾写法,结尾段四法,（一）、建议法思路：针对一个问题提出自己的建议或提出一种妥善的解决之道模板：1.Therefore,it is(strongly)suggested that（从句）2.It is urgent(necessary)that appropriate(effective/proper)actions(measures/steps/method)should be taken to correct(improve)3.Both government and ordinary citizens should join hands to m
48、ake this world a better place to live in,not only for ourselves,but also for future generations.,EG1,题目：Many parents complain that computer games have no value to their children studies.On the contrary,those online games have produced a lot of negative on their mental and physical development.Do you
49、 agree or disagree with this view?,结尾段范文：In summary,from both physiological and psychological points of view,computer games are indeed valueless and may exert negative impact on the development of young children.Therefore,it highly recommended that parents and schools should be alert to this problem
50、,and restrict childrens access to those computer games.,（二）、未来法,思路：对事物将来的发展前景（正面/负面、积极/消极）做出合理预测，指出趋势模板：Therefore（Thus）,it is projected（predicted）that（从句）With the advent/advantage of,it is forecast that（从句）My prediction about is that（从句）Personally speaking,I envision a future when（从句）,EG,题目 1：Some p
