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1、Introduction,What key skills are needed when,writing an Introduction?The Introduction presents the background knowledge that readers need so that they can appreciate how the findings of the paper are an advance on current knowledge in the field.A key skill is to be able to say the same things that h
2、ave been said many times before but in a different,interesting,intriguing way.You have to give the reader the tools for understanding the meaning and motivation of your experiments.Tell your readers how you plan to develop your topic.Give them a roadmap to fol-low-show them what your line of argumen
3、t is.You need to have a deep knowledge about everything that has been previously written on the topic and decide what is important for the reader to know.,Typical complaints of refereesThe Introduction occupies too high a proportion of the entire paper and contains too many general statements that a
4、re already widely known.The rationale and objectives are not defined and the whole section is completely disorganized-it is not clear what problem the author is addressing or trying to solve and why they chose their particular methodology.Much of the initial part is essentially a cut and paste from
5、the Abstract.The author has not related the background information to the objective of the paper.Also,there is no mention of what the reader can expect in the rest of the paper(i.e.main results and conclusions)and how this information will be structured(i.e.into the various sections).Please remember
6、 that the paper may be read by inexperienced Ph.D.students or oth-ers starting their work in your specific field.Hence,please add an explanation or at least a reference when mentioning notions related to and the terminology for.,How should I structure the Introduction?,An Introduction generally answ
7、ers the following questions.You can use the answers to these questions to structure your Introduction.What is the problem?Are there any existing solutions(i.e.in the literature)?Which solution is the best?What is its main limitation?(i.e.What gap am I hoping to fill?)What do I hope to achieve?Have I
8、 achieved what I set out to do?How should I begin my Introduction?,.,an example of the structure of a typical Introduction,It consists of a sequence of ten parts,each with a specific role.Your Introduction will not necessarily include all ten parts nor sequence them in the same order.Your aim is to
9、include only enough background information to allow your reader to understand why you are asking the questions you are,in what context they appear,and why your hypotheses,predictions or expected results are reasonable.It is like a preview to the rest of the paper.Thus nearly every Introduction,irres
10、pectively of the discipline,would incorporate those parts marked with an asterisk(*).The proportion of space given to each part(particularly with regard to the review of the literature)will obviously vary from discipline to discipline,and from paper to paper.,begin with one or more of the first four
11、 parts listed below.,1.definition of the topic plus background 2.accepted state of the art plus problem to be resolved 3.authors objectives,An XYZ battery is a battery that.The electrodes in an XYZ telephone battery are made of a composite of gold and silver,coated with a layer of platinum.The gold
12、and silver provide structural support,while the platinum provides resilience.The performance of the battery can be strongly affected by the number of times the battery is recharged and the duration of each individual recharge.The battery is subject to three possible failure modes.A research program
13、has recently been started by the authors in collaboration with a major battery manufacturer,with the goal of developing new design models for XYZ batteries.Analytical techniques are needed that can predict.,4.Introduction to the literature.,Computational techniques have been extensively applied to t
14、he study of the lifetime of XYZ batteries,in particular with regard to the number of times a battery is charged.However,little research to date has focused on the length of each individual rechargeBelow is an analysis of Parts 14 of the Introduction.In brackets is a very approximate indication of ho
15、w many sentences you will probably need for each part.PART 1 DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC PLUS BACKGROUND(13)This introductory phrase may not be necessary in your paper.Here the definition of the XYZ battery indicates to the reader that this is the background topic(i.e.the general context)of the paper.Th
16、is is the place to include notations,technical defini-tions,and explanations of key words.,The second sentence gives information that readers should already be familiar with and suggests why the topic is important and of interest.It will help readers to under-stand why you are investigating this are
17、a and how you hope to extend the knowl-edge.It sets the context for the information that will follow in(3),which may be less familiar for your readers.Readers want to quickly learn what the specific topic of your research is,they are much less interested in being reminded how important the general a
18、rea of research is.,PART 2 ACCEPTED STATE OF THE ART PLUS PROBLEM TO BE RESOLVED(24)*,In the example text,XYZ batteries is the general context.The authors now move from this general context to the specific area of their research:XYZ batteries in telephones,and more specifically,the problems inherent
19、 in such batteries.This is the gap that the authors want to fill and that the readers should be most interested in.This part should state in simple and clear language exactly what the problem is,why you chose it,why you claim it is important.,PART 3 AUTHORS OBJECTIVES(12)*,Here the authors outline t
20、heir major objectives,i.e.how they intend to fill the gap.Parts 6 and 7(see next page)could be incorporated here.This part also serves as a transition into the review of the literature.,PART 4 INTRODUCTION TO THE LITERATURE,This introduces the background literature that the authors intend to refer t
21、o in order to motivate their particular research.It makes a reference to current insufficient knowledge of the topic.This may be in a separate section with its own heading(Review of the Literature),or after the Results in a clinical paper,or incorporated into the Discussion.,same way.Thus,some writi
22、ng experts advise avoiding stock phrases(i.e.typical phrases that everyone uses)at the beginning of the introduction.For example:Recent advances in.The last few years have seen.Instead they recommended beginning in a more direct way.,How does an Introduction differ from an Abstract?.,There is some o
23、verlap between an Abstract and the Introduction.However,a fre-quent problem is that authors may cut and paste from their Abstract into their Introduction,which can be very repetitive for readers,Below are the first two sentences from the Abstract and Introduction from a paper entitledFragmentation o
24、f Rods by Cascading Cracks:Why Spaghetti Does Not Break in Half by Basile Audoly and Sbastien Neukirch.These sentences highlight the distinct ways that an Abstract and Introduction should be written.,ABSTRACT,When thin brittle rods such as dry spaghetti pasta are bent beyond their limit curvature,th
25、ey often break into more than two pieces,typically three or four.With the aim of understanding these multiple breakings,we study the dynamics of a bent rod that is sud-denly released at one end.,Introduction,INTRODUCTION The physical process of fragmentation is relevant to several areas of science a
26、nd technology.Because different physical phenomena are at work during the fragmentation of a solid body,it has mainly been studied from a statistical viewpoint 15.,The Abstract immediately tells the readers the specific topic of the paper and then what the authors goal is(corresponding to Points 2,3
27、 and 7 in the structure of an Introduction given in Sects.13.2 and 13.3).Instead,the Introduction sets the con-text in very general terms(Point 2).,The abstract then continues as follows.,ABSTRACT We find that the sudden relaxation of the curvature at this end leads to a burst of flexural waves,whos
28、e dynamics are described by a self-similar solution with no adjustable parameters.These flexural waves locally increase the curvature in the rod,and we argue that this counterintuitive mechanism is responsible for the fragmentation of brittle rods under bending.,As you can see,the Abstract gives no
29、further background information,but highlights what the authors found in their research.An absolute minimum num-ber of words have been used.This gives the Abstract substantial impact by tell-ing readers only what they need to know to enable them to decide whether to read the whole paper.As is standar
30、d for Abstracts,no references to the literature are made.,On the other hand about 50%of the rest of the Introduction is dedicated to helping the readers see that the general trend given in the first two sentences is being countered by another line of research.In this case,references to the literatur
31、e are made.Readers are alerted to the alternative trend by the link word nevertheless.,INTRODUCTION,Nevertheless a growing number of works have included physical consider-ations:surface energy contributions 6,nucleation and growth properties of the fracture process 7,elastic buckling 8,9,and stress
32、wave propagation 10.Usually,in dynamic fragmentation,the abrupt application of fracturing forces(e.g.by an impact)triggers numerous elementary breaking processes,making a statistical study of the fragments sizes possible.This is opposed to quasi-static fragmentation where a solid is crushed or broke
33、n at small applied velocities 11.,The concluding sentence of the Abstract is:,ABSTRACT A simple experiment supporting the claim is presented.This eight-word sentence is expanded considerably in the Introduction,by describ-ing more about what the experiment consisted in,and the result it gave.Note:th
34、e text reported below is the rest of the Introduction in its entirety.,INTRODUCTION Here we consider such a quasi-static experiment whereby a dry spaghetti is bent beyond its limit curvature.This experiment is famous as,most of the time,the pasta does not break in half but typically in three to ten
35、pieces.In this Letter,we explain this multiple failure process and point out a general mechanism of cascading failure in rods:a breaking event induces strong flexural waves which trigger other breakings,leading to an avalanche like process.,What tenses should I use?,I suggest you use a similar compa
36、rison between Abstracts and Introductions taken from your chosen journal,to see:what parts from Sects.13.2 and 13.3 are covered in the Introduction.In the spaghetti paper,Parts 18 are condensed into eight sentences,Parts 9 and 10 are not mentioned how they are structured differently what elements fr
37、om the Abstract the Introduction expands on how sentences from the Abstract are paraphrased in the Introduction what information is covered in the Abstract but not in the Introduction,and vice versa the relative word counts.This will give you an idea of the proportionate length of the Introduction c
38、ompared to the Abstract.In the spaghetti paper the Abstract is 116 words,and the Introduction 201 words,so the Introduction is approximately twice as long.This is quite typical,What tenses should I use?In this section,the example sentences S1,S3 and S5 are taken from Audoly and Neukirchs paper(Sect.
39、13.6),and S2,S4 and S6 from Rozeks paper(Sects.13.4 and 14.2).The PRESENT SIMPLE is generally used to begin the Introduction in order to describe the general background context,i.e.what is known already.,S1.The physical process of fragmentation is relevant to several areas of science and technology.
40、S2.Persistence is an attribute valued by many.The PRESENT PERFECT is then used to show how the problem has been approached from the past until the present day.S3.Because different physical phenomena are at work during the fragmentation of a solid body,it has mainly been studied from a statistical vi
41、ewpoint 15.S4.Persistence has most often been studied in terms of cultural differences.,During the review of the literature several tenses are used,At the end of the Introduction,the PRESENT SIMPLE is used again when the authors state what they will do in the rest of their paper(we explain,I hypothe
42、size).S5.In this Letter,we explain this multiple failure process and point out a general mechanism of cascading failure in rods:a breaking event induces strong flexural waves which trigger other breakings,leading to an avalanche like process.S6.Because of these findings,I hypothesize that subjects w
43、ith internal attribution styles(as measured by the APCSS),higher levels of perfectionism,and any form of feedback will show greater task persistence.In S5 Audoly and Neukirch use the PRESENT SIMPLE to report their findings(see the underlined verbs).,Not all authors use the simple present tense in th
44、is context because,a general convention(but not rule)is that when you present your findings you use the PAST SIMPLE-the idea is to use the PRESENT SIMPLE for what is already accepted in the literature,and the PAST SIMPLE for your new contribution(Sect.16.7).In S6 Rozek uses the FUTURE SIMPLE to talk
45、 about his claim/conclusion.This usage of the future tends to be confined to where authors set out to prove a hypoth-esis,rather than to give hard results.,How should I outline the structure of my paper?Check with your journals instructions to authors with regard to whether an outline of the structu
46、re is required.If it is,or if you notice that all the papers in the journal have one,then your aim should be to describe this structure as concisely as possible(as in the RV).,ORIGINAL VERSION(OV),The paper is structured as follows:in Section 2 a survey of the works related to X is provided.In Secti
47、on 3 the method that we propose for the analysis of X is shown.In Section 4 the tool that automatizes this methodology is presented and in Section 5 its components are described.In Section 6 the experience in the application of the tool to industrial case studies is reported and discussed and finall
48、y,in Section 7,conclusions are provided and future works described.,REVISED VERSION(RV),Section 2 surveys the works related to X.Section 3 outlines our method for analyzing X.In Section 4 the tool that automatizes this methodology is presented,and in Section 5 its components are described.Section 6
49、discusses some industrial case studies using the tool,The RV is approximately half the length of the OV,45 words rather than 84.This is achieved by:deleting unnecessary sentences.Some journals and reviewers advise that there is no need to have an initial sentence saying The paper is structured as fo
50、llows.Simply beginning a new paragraph at the end of the Introduction is enough to alert the reader that you are now going to talk about the structure using active verbs(surveys)rather than only passive(a survey.is provided).For the sake of variety,the RV also includes some passive forms.But you cou
