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1、Lecture 5,Cultural Differences in Everyday Conversation and the Modes of Thinking 日常会话中的文化差异与思维模式,Greetings and Farewells,Have you eaten yet?or Have you had your lunch?Where are yon going?or Where have you been?Im pleased to meet you.Its nice meeting you or Its nice to have met you,Greetings and Far
2、ewells,请留步。慢走，走好，慢点儿骑。Stay here would sound strange;Go slowly,Walk slowly or Ride slowly,B.Ways of Address,In recent years,the trend of many English-speaking people has been to address others by using the first name,B.Ways of Address,Tom,Michael,Linda,Jane,etc.-rather than calling the person Mr.Summ
3、ers,Mrs.Howard or Miss Jones.,B.Ways of Address,The main exceptions ones parents(Dad,Mom,Mum or Mother),ones grandparents(Grandpa,Grandma)an older relative(Aunt Mary or Uncle Jim).Notice that the given name,and not the family name,is used.,B.Ways of Address,English Brother Joseph or Sister Mary woul
4、d commonly be understood as referring to persons belonging to a Catholic group or some religious or professional society.,kinship terms,problems The statement Lindas brother married Michaels sister is not easy to render into Chinese without further information about whether the brother is older or y
5、ounger than Linda and whether the sister is Michaels elder or younger sister.,Chinese term，English term，English explanation if needed,祖父（母）Grandfather，GrandmotherPaternal grandfather外祖父（母）Maternal grandfather,父Father母Mother兄，弟BrotherElder brother,younger(kid)brother姐，妹SisterElder sister,younger(kid)
6、sister,伯父unclePaternal uncleFathers elder brother叔父Fathers younger brother姑父Husband of fathers sister舅父Maternal uncleMothers brother,姨夫Husband of mothers sister姐夫Brother-in-lawHusband of elder sister妹夫Husband of younger sister,In Chinese,there are many more terms to designate specific relationships.
7、,It should be mentioned,that in English Brother Joseph or Sister Mary would commonly be understood as referring to persons belonging to a Catholic group or some religious or professional society.,In referring to animals and birds,the Chinese practice is generally,but not always,to use simply 公 or 母
8、to show whether a creature is male or female.In English,more specific terms are often used,including terms for the young.,Name,Generic term/for male/for female/for youngchicken cock/rooster,hen,chickduck,drake,duck ducklinggoose,gander goose,goslinghorse stallion mare foal(cattle)(cow)bull cow calfp
9、ig boar sow shoatdog dog bitch puppysheep ram ewe lambdeer stag doe fawn,Name,bull or cow and cock or hen are frequently used to distinguish sex;,e.g.,bull seal,(公海豹)cow seal,bull elephant,cow elephant;cock pheasant（公野鸡）hen pheasant,cock sparrow,hen sparrow.,Also,using the terms male or female,or so
10、metimes she with the generic name,is acceptable,as in male leopard(公豹),female panda,she wolf.,Another common Chinese form of address,the use of a persons title,office,or occupation,黄局长，林经理，李校长.Bureau Director Smith,Manager Jackson,Principal Morris.,In English,only a few occupations or titles would b
11、e used:Doctor _President _Judge _Mayor _Governor _Professor _,在 job,title 前，用 Mr.,Mr.President Mr.Governor Mr.Senator Mr.Mayor,吴老师 Teacher Wu?Mr.Wu,How to address a teacher has long been a problem.Teacher or Teacher Zhang?Comrade or Comrade Li?Mr Yang,Mrs Zhang,Miss Wu?In the sense of a teacher,Chin
12、ese has many more synonyms:教师，老师，教员，导师，师长，先生,Other difficult terms,警察叔叔，解放军叔叔.Uncle policeman for 警察叔叔 P.L.A.Uncle for 解放军叔叔-“sir”,“officer”,Other difficult terms,同志,师傅.to attract the persons attention.Excuse me,Pardon me,I say there.Expressions like Hey,or Hey,you or You,there are not considered po
13、lite.,C.Compliments and praise,Americans tend to accept the compliment while Chinese generally murmur some reply about not being worthy of the praise.,Compliments and praise,“fishing for a compliment,”故作谦虚，以博得赞扬,D.Miscellaneous Social Amenities,其它社交礼节谢谢，对不起，请 Thank you,Im sorry,Excuse me.On the whol
14、e,they are quite similar and present no problem.However,even among these there are certain differences.,其它社交礼节,Thank you,and Please-Both of these are used more widely than the Chinese 谢谢，请.,On the other hand,the Chinese attitude-the appreciation is understood and need not be expressed 中国人相信对方知道自己的感激
15、之情，不必多言which is sometimes taken for rudeness or lack of consideration by Westerners.不说这些客气话有些失礼，对别人不够尊重。,Replies to,Thank you are similar.The most common are Not at all,Dont mention it,Youre welcome,没什么，不用谢。这是我应该做的-Its my duty Im glad to be of help.Its a pleasure.我很乐意（为您效劳）,The Chinese term 请,The Ch
16、inese term 请 usually regarded as equivalent to Please.When offering of urging another person to be first in going through a door or getting in a car,the expression is generally After you(not You go first,as some people not well-acquainted with English are apt to say).,请,At the meal table,Help yourse
17、lf is customary when urging someone to start eating,or to take more of the food.,Excuse me-,劳驾 when asking a favor or requesting a person do something;借光，请让一让 when asking a person to step aside or make room;请问 when asking for information or making a query.,The Chinese 辛苦了,a good warm expression show
18、ing concern.Or it may be used in recognition of the fact that a person has put in considerable effort or gone through some hardship to achieve something.,辛苦了,Youve had a hard time or Youve gone through a lot of hardships is hardly enough;in some circumstances is might even give the wrong impression.
19、,辛苦了,If used as a greeting to a person who has just completed a long trip,辛苦了 could be expressed as You must be tired from such a long tripDid you have a good trip?,辛苦了,When commending people who have finished a difficult task or are still working on it,one might say Well done;That was(Youve got)a h
20、ard job.（干得不错，你辛苦了）None of these English expressions,however,carries as much meaning or warm feeling as the Chinese.,Thought patters,As the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests,language and thoughts are closely related.The reason why people have different discourse patters is probably due to the differen
21、ces in their modes of thinking.,Thought patters,The mode of thinking is connected with the worldview,which influences al aspects of our perception and consequently affects our belief and value systems,as well as how we think and act.,Modes of thinking,Westerners tend to be dualistic(二元的)in their out
22、look while Chinese are inclined to believe in holism(整体论).,Modes of thinking,Westerners tend to dissect things into parts and analyze their relationships in order to understand them properly.Their emphasis is upon the parts rather than upon the whole of things.Chinese are likely to synthesize elemen
23、ts into a unit,with the emphasis on“whole”,the systematic and synthetic perceptions of objects.,Modes of thinking:,Analytic thinking Synthetic thinking,Analytic thinking,As analytical thinking prevails in the West,people in that culture are good at classification and categorization and they pursue d
24、ichotomies(一分为二)such as good and bad,God and the devil,the individual and the whole.In a word,“A”or“not-A”.This may lead to the fact that they prefer making use of concepts for logical judgment and reasoning.,Synthetic thinking,The Chinese synthetic mode of thinking has its own traits.It usually lea
25、ds to the emphasis on gaining intuitive insight(直觉领悟)and thinking in terms of images.Precision and accuracy is not emphasized.,Medicine,Western medicine doctors examine parts of the body by detailed analysis Traditional Chinese medicine take the patient as a whole,requiring the consideration of the
26、connections of all parts of the body.(patient suffering from severe headache may get some foot treatment),Paintings,Differences(1),The Chinese painting is a synthesis of different art form;calligraphy,painting,poetry and stamp.In the West,painting is painting and poetry is poetry.,Differences(2),In
27、Chinese painting the eye of the viewer is assumed to move across the surface of the paintingIn the Western painting there is only one focal point,one spot from which the viewer looks at the painting.,Differences(3),Western paintings seem to be more true to life,precision being obvious.(写实)The Chines
28、e painter seeks close resemblance in spirit instead of accurate likeness in appearance，conveying inside meanings（写意）,Western thinking,analytical,statistical,rational,and circumspect,(周到的)laying more emphasis on objectivity,specificity and precision.(客观性，特异性和准确性),Chinese thinking,Synthetic,intuitive,
29、and concrete,valuing subjectivity and wholeness(主观性和整体性),Discussion,How would you describe your mother?Then study the remark made by Linell Davis.Do you agree with them?Why?Give your detailed comments.,Linell Davis,Native English speakers teaching writing in China often comment that their students w
30、riting is rich in visual and other sensory images,but at the same time also say that it is too sentimental.What they mean is that Chinese students tend to idealize what they are writing about.The writer is presenting a person,memory,or situation as he or she thinks it should be rather than how it is observed to be.The writer may not intend to portray a realistic picture of the world.Foreign teachers cautioned one another,“Dont ask them to wrote an essay about their mother.All you get is stereotypes about devotion and sacrifice.They will all sound alike.,
