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1、柱状图 Bar Chart,柱状图 Bar Chart,柱形图的功能：1.通常用于显示某一项目在某几个特定的时间段内的数据变化特征。2.比较几个项目在某几个特定的时间段内的差异。,柱状图 Bar Chart,柱形统计图的特点：图形显示的比较清晰、直观，并能同时对比各个项目在某特定时间点上的差异。但对于单个项目来说，因各个时间段的变化不是连续的，所以不能反映出项目的变化的明显差异及变化规律。形式多样：从同一组项目中的柱子数量可分为单柱与多柱,垂直与水平,柱形图,垂直直方图(vertical histogram).用长条显示数据的值,既可以展示数值变化,又可用与多个数据之间的比较.但由于柱形图反映
2、的各个数据之间没有连接点,因此在反映变动趋势上不如曲线图有效.,条形图,水平直方图(horizontal histogram).和柱形图相似,仅是柱形图的90度旋转.描述不同类别之间的差别情况,突出数值的比较,而淡化某项数值变化.,形式多样：从柱子的方向，可为柱形图和条形图,柱状图 Bar Chart,单柱子Only one item写作思路：如果以时间为横轴的话，就写变动趋势（写法同线形图）,柱状图 Bar Chart,单柱子Only one item写作思路：如果是以组为横轴，则进行数据对比（写法同饼状图）。,柱状图 Bar Chart,多柱子More than one items写作思路
3、：数据少比如每个组里就两个柱子，可以全写；如果数据比较多，比如每个组里有五个柱子，那就取几个最大或者最小的就行，也就是说在比较的过程中想要拿到想要的结果就要找对比鲜明的那一对就对了。把对比最鲜明的几个柱子描述清楚，其他的可以一带而过。,描写柱状图的要点,如何观察图表?首先要看清各个柱子所代表的项目及数值意义;找出最大和最小的数据，比较柱子与柱子之间的落差，突出落差的极值;数据分成几组?表明趋势或对比结果1.数据对象少且横轴为时间轴时,对不同时间段内的同一信息进行历时比较;2.数据对象很多时,对多个数据组进行整体比较;如何比较?一个段落说明一种比较内容；比较要按一定的思路来组织,思路1对不同数据
4、进行比较,突出极值.(同单线图),思路2(同多线图),1.项目少,且时间界限明确时,对不同时间段内的同一信息进行比较.(如有必要强调同一数据组内部的差异),思路3,2.数据对象很多时,先对多个数据组进行整体比较,然后强调同一项目数值变化及差异.,The graph below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.,先整个比较
5、五个国家的imprisonment；再分析某一个国家的不同年份的imprisonment的数值变动。,Sample 1,The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960,1980 and 2000.,思路：将柱状图当成线形图来写；连接极值，成四条线,进行分类：增长的 car；减少的 bus波动的 train tube,P1,The graph below shows the different modes of t
6、ransport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960,1980 and 2000.The bar graph shows the changing patterns in commuting by train,car,tube or bus for commuters in one European city in the years 1960,1980 and 2000.They had different change situations.,the task,Your writing:Introduct
7、ion sentence and overview sentence,P2,The number of people using trains at first rose from just under 20%in 1960 to about 26%in 1980,but then fell back to about 23%in 2000.,body:trains,P3,Use of the tube was relatively stable,falling from around 27%of commuters in 1960 to 22%in 1980,but climbing bac
8、k to reach 25%by 2000.,body:tube,P4,On the other hand,the use of cars increased steadily from just over 5%in 1960 to 23%in 1980,reaching almost 40%by 2000,whereas the popularity of buses has declined since 1960,falling from just under 35%in 1960 to 27%in 1980 and only 15%in 2000.,body:car and bus,P5
9、,The graph indicates the growing use of cars for commuting to work between 1960-2000,and the continued decline in the popularity of buses from being the most popular mode of transport in 1960 to the least popular in 2000.,Your writing:conclusion,The chart below shows the different levels of post-sch
10、ool qualification in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.,Sample 2,分组法,低学历（skilled vocational diploma）女低于男中学历（undergraduate diploma,Bachelors degree）女高于男，而且Bachelors degree的两者数值基本相等。高学历（postgraduate diploma,masters degree）女低于男,P1,The chart below shows the different le
11、vels of post-school qualification in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.The chart gives information about post-school qualifications in terms of the different levels of further education reached by men and women in Australia in 1999.,the task,Your writing:Introductio
12、n sentence,P2,From the chart,we can see immediately that there were substantial differences in the proportion of men and women at different levels.,Your writing:overview sentence,P3,The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level,where 90%of those who held a skilled vocational diplo
13、ma were men,compared with only 10%of women.By contrast,more women held undergraduate diplomas(70%)and fewer women reached degree level(55%).,Your writing:Lower level,P4,At the higher levels of education,men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts(70%and 30%,respectiv
14、ely),and also constituted 60%of Masters graduates.,Your writing:Higher level,=overtake/exceed/outweigh/more than,P5,Thus we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education,while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men.The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelors degree,however.,Your writing:conclusion,对于柱状图，数据太多，则起点，结点和数量相等点必写，倍数点必写。这是因为这些点都是非常有代表性的点，分析这些点就可以基本看出这些柱状图分析的主要结果了。,
