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1、Essay Reading,What is an essay?(Prose?),An article which discusses a topic.It undertakes to discuss a matter,express a point of view,persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject,or simply entertain.Inviting us to enter a world of thought and experience,it persuades us to view things in a particular
2、 way.-direct and explicit(exposition of ideas)-Based on facts,data and information,it is more factual rather than fictional.(In contrast to the imaginative feature of other genres)It has uncertain status in literature.,Types of Essays,Narrative essays:to tells stories,chronicle eventsExpository essa
3、ys:to explain ideas and attitudesSpeculative essays:to explore ideas and feelings,less authoritative,less insistentArgumentative essays:to make claims and present evidences to support,Elements of the Essay,Voice(tone,attitude)-formal,dignified,elegant,solemn,allusive,authoritative,reversed,controlle
4、d-casual,intimate,and conversational,humorous,concise and sharp,urgent,insistent,witty and charmingStyle:how does the author use language in a unique way-diction(individual choice of words)formal or informal words,colloquial-syntax:long and complex sentences,or short,simple sentences;parallelism and
5、 balance;rhythm,punctuations-figure of speech:the use of simile,metaphor,images of comparisons,etc,in order to clarify abstract ideas,thoughts and feelings,and to illustrate a point with vividness structure:how thought connect with thoughtThought:ideas,views,arguments(Can be with feelings),梁实秋散文周作人散
6、文余光中散文余秋雨散文宗璞散文杨朔散文周国平散文,Of Studies by Francis Bacon(15611626),Nam et ipsa scientia potestas est.知识就是力量。Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。Some books are to be tasted，others to be swallowed，and some few to be chewed and digested.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食
7、者，少数则须咀嚼消化。Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtitle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩 Wives are young mens mistresses,companions for middle age,and old mens nurses.,Francis Bacon(15611626),Educate
8、d at Trinity College,Cambridge.representative of the English Renaissance Statesman,philosopher,essayist Lord Keeper of the Seal and then Lord Chancellor of England.A pioneer of modern scientific thought.philosophy of materialismScientific experiment,fresh observation,inductive reasoning(deductive th
9、inking)“A real progenitor of English Materialism”.The Advancement of Learning(1605)Novum Organum(1620).新工具The New Atlantis(1626)(Utopia),Bacons literary success:Essays,58 essays(1597 and 1625):covering a wide variety of subjects in relation to the social life of his age.Usually each essay discusses
10、a single subject,for instance,Of Studies,Of Beauty,Of Riches.Short as they are,these essays show Bacons profundity in understanding man and society.Bacons essays were under the impact of Montaigne(蒙田),a French essayist in the age of Renaissance.Bacons essays are characterized by their conciseness an
11、d brevity,simplicity and forcefulness,practicality and versatility.Many sentences in his essays are succinct(简洁),impersonal(客观),aphoristic(似格言),and have become very popular.Bacons essays are recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.,Of Studies,It is the most popular of
12、 Bacons 58 essays.It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for,the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies,and how studies exert influence over human character.Forceful and persuasive,compact(简洁的)and precise,“Of Studies”reveals to us Bacons mature attitude toward learning.This ess
13、ay impresses the reader not only by its argumentative strength but also by its elegance of style.,What is the main idea?,1.what purposes does studies chiefly serve for?2.How should people study?-different attitudes to studies-different ways adopted by different people 3.What influence do studies hav
14、e on our human character?,Language and Style,1.succinct and concise-ellipsis(omission)-short sentences Their chief use for delight,is in privateness and retiring;()for ornament,is in discourse;and()for ability,is in the judgment,and disposition of business.Histories make men wise;poets()witty;the ma
15、thematics()subtitle;natural philosophy()deep;moral()grave;logic and rhetoric()able to contend,2.easy to understand-simile-metaphor-analogyNatural abilities are like natural plants,that need proyning by studyDistilled books are like common distilled waters,flashy things.There is no stond or impedimen
16、t in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies;like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.,3.forceful and striking-parallelism:balanced sentence structures 排比句 To spend too much time in studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament,is affectation;to make judgment wholly by
17、their rules,is the humor of a scholar.-Antithesis:the setting of contrasting phrases(of opposite ideas)for emphasis(through parallel structure).对偶句 A friend exaggerates a mans virtues,an enemy his crimes.Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of t
18、he other person.Crafty men condemn studies,simple men admire them,and wise men use them-Using synonyms,superordinates(上位词),hyponyms(下位词)for stress superordinates(vegetable),hyponyms(cabbage,carrot,potato,tomato)weigh and consider;talk and discourse;taste,swallow,chew,digest,4.solemn,classical-balanc
19、ed sentence structures-Latin quotations 5.aphoristic:witty,precise and pointed,incisive and profound-full of truth and wisdom(practical)-rich experience,sharp observation and wide knowledge6.tone:impersonal,Forceful and persuasive,compact(简洁的)and precise,“Of Studies”reveals to us Bacons mature attit
20、ude toward learning.This essay impresses the reader not only by its argumentative strength but also by its elegance of style.培根对文学的主要贡献是他的论说文集或称随笔（Essays），共收入文章58篇。英 语论说文又称“随笔”，或“小品文”，都是散文（prose）体的一种。培根学识渊博，阅历丰富，对社会人生观察细致，思考周密，其文涉及社会风尚、为人处世、治学方法等各个方面，无所不包；兼之文笔简洁，擅用类比，论述透彻，文中充满哲理之精辟处几乎俯拾皆是，许多已成为家喻户晓的
21、格言名句。培根的修身处世箴言充分体现了他一贯的崇尚实用、讲究实际的思想。,Questions for Discussion:1.Summarize the main idea of the essay.2.Why does the author mean by saying that“They perfect nature,and are perfected by experience”?3.Do you agree that books should be read in different ways?According to your own experience,what books are“to be tasted”,what books are“to be swallowed”,and what books are“to be chewed and digested”?4.What does the Latin sentence“Abeunt studia in mores”mean?Do you agree?5.What are the typical features of this essay?What skills are used by the author to achieve them?,
