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1、Principle and Key Technologies of OTN,Page 2,Chapter 1 Background and Concept of OTN,Contents,Chapter 2 Hierarchy of OTN,Chapter 3 G.709 Introduction,Chapter 4 OTN key Technologies,Chapter 5 Review and Outlook,Page 3,Chapter 1 Background&Concept of OTN,Section 1:Background of OTN,Contents,In the nex
2、t 3 to 5 years,new business development will drive rapid growth in business volume.Rapid growth of new business based broadband services of large particles.A large number broadband services of large particles require effective scheduling and management,improving the QoS,to meet the needs of network
3、operators.,Voice(Fixed+Mobile)4%,6X,2005,2010,Network Development under IP-driven trend,Broadband business is booming which proposed new requirements on the transmission network!,Data Services(ATM/FR,VPN)2%,Page 4,PDH,SDH,?,The Road of Transport Network Technology Evolution,Page 5,Analysis of the di
4、fferent Transmission Technology,PDH,SDH,WDM,PDH:Quasi-synchronous digital hierarchy，it have better adaptability for point to point communication.However,PDH network lack of management capacity.,SDH：synchronous digital hierarchy.It has many advantages,such as standard optical interface,a powerful net
5、work management capabilities.However,it can not provide us large-capacity and high-speed.,WDM：Large bandwidth,low transmission costs,adapting to high-speed large-capacity transmission.But the network is not flexible and can not achieve effective management.,WDM,SDH/ASON,Our Current Requirements,Page
6、 7,Demand drives technology development,So how can we have the advantages of SDH and WDM in the same time?,ThenOTN came into being,Page 8,Chapter 1 Background&Concept of OTN,Section 2:Concept of OTN,Page 9,Contents,Concept of OTN,OTN concept proposed：In 1998,ITU-T formally proposed the concept,and t
7、ook it as an ideal basis for future network evolution.OTN：Optical Transport NetworkOptical Transport Network(OTN)is composed of a set of Optical Network Elements connected by optical fiber links,able to provide functionality of transport,multiplexing,routing,management,supervision and survivability
8、of client signals,according to the requirements given in Rec.G.872.An Optical Transport Network is an transport network based on WDM technology.It is the next-generation backbone network.,Page 10,Framework of OTN,In February 1999,G.872,the first proposal of OTN was approved.Nowadays,OTN standard sys
9、tem has been improved.,Architecture aspectsG.872,Physical layer characteristics,Equipment management Aspects G.874/7710,Jitter/drift performance G.8251,Optical safety regulationsG.664,BERG.8201,Equipment functionG.806/G.798,Structure/Mapping/Overhead G.709,APS,Page 11,OTN Characteristic,OTN Hierarch
10、y defined in G.872Complex framing defined in G.709Interface defined in G.709，Including wavelength division side and client side(typically used for interconnection)Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexerODUk cross（OTH)Load control plane,Page 12,OTN characteristic,Network Hierarchy of OTNOPUODUOTU
11、Electrical layerOChOMSOTSOptical layer,ROADM,OTN,Optical layer and electrical layer performance monitoring,Optical layer performance monitoring,OTU（OTN frame structure）,OTN includes electrical-layer network and optical-layer network,Page 13,OTN Technical Superiority,1.Full-service access and large c
12、apacity transmission,2.Maintenance&Management,3.Networking and Protection,4.Flexible grooming,SDH、Ethernet、IP、ATM、GFP transparent transmissionTbits level transport capability,Wealth of overhead bytesSix levels of independent Tandem Connection Monitoring(TCM),Supporting traditional WDM optical layer
13、protectionIntelligent protection and restoration with Mesh networks,Optical layer cross-connectMultiplexer and grooming sub-wavelength services(ODUk/GE)ODUk cascade and virtual cascade,Page 14,OTNSuperiority,Page 15,Contents,OTN Hierarchical Structure,The optical layer can be divided into：Optical Ch
14、annel(OCh)、Optical Multiplex Section、Optical Transmission Section(OMS)OCh can be divided into three sub-layer electronic field：Optical Payload Unit（OPU）、Optical Data Unit（ODU）、Optical Transport Unit（OTU）,Optical layer,Page 16,OTN Hierarchical Structure,Essentially，OTN consists of following parts：Opt
15、ical Transmission Section(OTS)Optical Channel(OCh)Optical Multiplex Section(OMS)Optical Data Unit(ODU)Optical Transport Unit(OTU)Optical Payload Unit(OPU),Page 17,Function of OTN each layer,OTN,OCh,OMS,OTS,Realize establishment,management and maintenance for end-to-end optical pathOptical layer head
16、er processingOptical channel monitoringAdaption to electrical layer、multi-service access,Realize the networking function of multi-wavelength optical signalsRealize the processing of OMS headerThe management and maintenance of OMS,Provide the function of optical signals transport in different types o
17、f optical mediumThe management and maintenance of OTS,Page 18,OTN hierarchical structure and relationship among information flow,Page 19,Page 20,Chapter 3 G.709 Introduction,Section 1:Frame Structure&OPU Overhead,Contents,Page 21,G.709 introduction,Page 22,3825,4080,1,7,8,14,15,16,17,3824,1,2,3,4,OP
18、U k Payload,K:rate-level K 1 2.5G2 10G3 40G,Frame Structure,Page 23,Compared with SDH,Structure：44080，invariableRate：Variable 20.420 kHz(48.971 s)for OTU182.027 kHz(12.191 s)for OTU2329.489 kHz(3.035 s)for OTU3Contain：OPUk、ODUk、OTUk、FEC,G.709 Frame Structure,SDH Frame Structure,Structure：9270n，Varia
19、ble Rate：8000F/s，invariableContain：Section Overhead、pointer Channel Overhead、Payload,Page 24,PSIEach OPUk overhead provides one byte of PSI;One complete PSI information structure composed with 256 PSI in a complex frame;PSI 0 is 1 byte of payload type（PT）,PSI 1-PSI 255 are reserved.,OPUk Overhead(k=
20、1,2,3),Page 25,OPUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),PT Overhead instructions：,Page 26,JC,OPUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),3 bytes The first six bits of Each byte are reserved;The last two bits indicate Positive and negative adjustment between Client data and OPUk.,Page 27,Contents,Chapter 3 G.709 Introduction,Section 2:OTU
21、k&ODUk Overhead,OTUk/ODUk Overhead,Page 28,Page 29,OTUk/ODUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),1,8,14,7,1,2,3,4,6,Page 30,OTUk/ODUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),Multiframe Alignment Signal MFAS（1 Byte）,256 frames comprised a multiframe(256Bytes),Frame Alignment Signal FAS（6 Bytes)OA1F6h，OA228h indicate the beginning of a fram
22、e,Access Point Identifier（SAPI，DAPI）type code defined by Suggestion T.50,OTUk/ODUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),Page 32,OTUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),OTUk SM overhead BIP-8 byte(1 Byte),OTUk SM overhead（3 Bytes),Page 33,OTUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),OTUk SM overhead:Backward Error Indication and Backward Incoming Alignment
23、Error(BEI/BIAE)Used to return the number of Error and IAE received by OTUk,“1011”equals to BIAE,Page 34,OTUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),OTUk SM overhead:Backward Defect Indication(BDI)Used to return signal defect status received by OTUk;“1”equals to Defect status，else“0”OTUk SM overhead:Incoming Alignment Er
24、ror（IAE）Used to indicate Alignment error status received by OTUk；“1”equals to Alignment error，else“0”GCC:General Communication Channel Just like DC1DC12 in SDH,used to communicate between OTUk terminal.,Page 35,ODUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),ODUk PM overhead,OTUk SM overhead,Page 36,ODUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),O
25、DUk PM Overhead:Path Status indication(STAT)Used to indicate Path status,Page 37,ODUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),ODUk Fault type and Fault location reporting channel（FTFL)0127Byte forward indication field，128255Byte backward indication field,Forward and Backward indication field include 3 sub-fields yet,Page
26、 38,ODUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),Fault Indication Code,Forward/Backward operator identifier Field(9 bytes)Indicate Forward/Backward operator and Country code.others used by operator separately,no standardization.,GCC1 GCC2:the function is same as GCC0APS/PCC&EXP&TCM ACK,no standardization,reserved for fut
27、ure.,ODUk Overhead(k=1,2,3),OTN Overhead compare with SDH,Page 40,Contents,Chapter 3 G.709 Introduction,Section 3:Mapping&Multiplexing,Mapping Client Signals,IP,ETHERNETATM,Multiplexing,Wavelength Division Multiplex(WDM)Time Division Multiplex(TDM),Page 41,Mapping IP and Ethernet,G.709 provides an e
28、ncapsulation for packet based client signals There is no need for SDH or 10G-Ethernet to encapsulate IPA new protocol is being defined:Generic Framing Procedure,Bandwidth for GFP stream inODU1:2 488 320 kbit/sODU2:9 995 276 kbit/sODU3:40 150 519 kbit/s,Page 42,Generic Framing Procedure G.7041,Page 4
29、3,Mapping ATM,G.709 provides a mapping for cell based client signals Mapping ATM into ODUk is similar to mapping into SDH,Bandwidth for ATM stream inODU1:2 488 320 kbit/sODU2:9 995 276 kbit/sODU3:40 150 519 kbit/s,Page 44,Time Division Multiplex-Structure,Page 45,Wavelength Division Multiplex-Struct
30、ure,Page 46,Page 47,Contents,Chapter 4 OTN key Technologies,Section 1:OTH Introduction,OTH equipments:wavelength level traffic crosscomplete the wavelength cross and scheduling.Traffic particlesODUk（k=1,2,3）Rate of traffic particlesODU1（2.5Gb/s）、ODU2（10Gb/s）、ODU3（40Gb/s）,Key Technologies-OTH OTH:Opt
31、ical Transmission Hierarchy,Page 48,ODU1/ODU2/ODU3 cross,Strong support for OTN overhead,Flexible networking,Protection and Restoration,Support Intelligent control plane,Shortcomings:-Small particle traffic is not suitable for scheduling.-Technologies need further improvement,such as ring protection
32、 technology,Protection and Restoration technology.,Page 49,Key Technologies-OTH,Realization：OTU divided into the Client side and Group of road side Features:Large traffic particles：1-100Gb/sLarge cross particlesThere is no uniform cross particles like VC4Protection the Scheduling Only need to change
33、 interface plate when traffic changes,Implementation of OTH Cross,Page 50,OTH system:SDH equipment removed,increasing the ODUk cross matrix;ODUk cross matrix achieved by cross plate.,Equipment comparison:OTH and SDH+WDM,Page 51,SDH+WDM system,OTH system,Page 52,Contents,Chapter 4 OTN key Technologie
34、s,Section 2:ROADM Technology,Page 53,The Evolution of Optical Networks,WDM Point to point transmission,Multi-point network,ROADM、WXC and ASON realize optical layer interconnection,Page 54,OTN optical layer network-ROADM,The main advantage：(1)achieve the pure optical domain network;(2)without OEO con
35、version,reduce network costs;(3)for large particles businesses,such as 10Gb/s,40Gb/s.Shortcoming：(1)transmission distance limitation(CD,PMD,nonlinear,OSNR);(2)the higher initial investment.,IP/MPLS/SDH,IP/MPLS/SDH,IP/MPLS/SDH,Wavelength cross-level,pure light processing,introduction of intelligent c
36、ontrol plane,CD/PMD/nonlinear/OSNR？,Page 55,Optical layer scheduling,The distribution of Wavelength resources in WDM equipment:FOADM（Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer）ROADM（Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer）FOADM:re-adjust the distribution of wavelength resources is diffitcult.ROADM:By bl
37、ocking or cross-wavelength,Wavelength resources can be allocated flexibly,dynamically.ROADM technology remotly and dynamically adjust the state of wavelength，the number of wavelengths up to 40 waves.,Page 56,FOADM&ROADM,FOADM,ROADM,1 n,1 4,OA,OA,1 n,OAD,1 n,1 n,OA,OA,1 n,ROADM,OA,1 n,fixed wavelengt
38、h up/down,the initial planning complex,upgrade difficulties.Complex upgrade project,operation and maintenance costs high;Manual configuration,increase human error possible.,multi-direction,Up/down wavelength flexibility Reconfigured through a remote network management system Low operation and mainte
39、nance costs Traffic for large particles,Page 57,FOADM,OMT functional unit：OTU（LMS2E、OTU2S、OTU2E）OMU/ODU（OMU48-O、ODU48-O）OBA/OLA/OPA（OA、PA、RAU）OSC/ADU（OSCAD）EMU(EMU),Page 58,ROADM,Optical layer services automatic scheduling by 100GHz or 50GHz that can achieve optical cross;,Traffic scheduling with el
40、ectrical layer and protection;,The cost of staion is high;,Traffic for large particles.,Page 59,With existing technology,ROADM can be easily achieved four light directions cross for each direction of 40 or 80 waves,cross capacity of 1.6T or 3.2T.It is expected to support 8 directions quickly.,ROADM,
41、Page 60,Contents,Chapter 4 OTN key Technologies,Section 3:Realization of ROADM,Currently,there are three common techniques in ROADM subsystem：PLC（Planar Light-wave Circuits）WB（Wavelength Blocker）WSS（Wavelength Selective Switch）,Realization of ROADM,Page 61,The working principle of WB,Wavelength on t
42、he road chosen will combine with the other optical signals of original transmition signals through a coupler to continue send signals down transmission combination.,Page 62,Technology of WB,2D device,Control the power of each wavelength,Blocking/by wavelength,Balanced Spectrum;,LCD/MEMS wavelength b
43、locker can support more channels of light,and smaller intervals;,50G/100GHz,128/64 light channels,it can reduced to 25GHz interval;under 10G and 40G）;,Liquid crystal wavelength blockers need additional A/D Module;,Page 63,The Working Principle of PLC-ROADM,The solutions based on ROADM of iPLC dont n
44、eed WBs blocking.After demultiplexing of WDM,it uses the N-2 1 optical switch,so that the fuction on the way and multiplexing combined.,Page 64,Technology of PLC,It realizes the multiplexing and demultiplexing of the wavelengths by the integrated AWG;optical switch realizes wavelengths direct joinin
45、g and blocking;the VOA realizes optical power balance of per-channel.,Support 100GHz-40-Gbit/s;10Gbps 16 nodes cascade goes through the validation,40Gbps needs to test,low-cost solution,Page 65,Technology of WSS,The optical platform based on MEMS cansupport 1*9 100GHz or 5*150GHz device.,MEMS device
46、s have a wide frequency,low dispersion and simultaneously support 10/40Gbit/s optical signal.,The wavelength definition based on port(Colorless),It can support higher dimensions(up to Degree 8),but it needs more integrated components,and controls complexly.,With the development of manufacturing proc
47、esses,costs of WSS continue to decline,gradually becoming the mainstream technology ROADM devices,WSS（Wavelength Selective Switch）,Page 66,The Working Principle of WSS,Page 67,Page 68,Contents,OTN Control Plane,OTN control plane,Management Transmission Plane,OTN Transmission plane,Page 69,OTN Evolution,Phase I and current G.709 Hierarchy(I.e.ODUk;ODUke)become a service for the new ODUkh server layer,Page 70,
