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1、Peking Opera,Made BY：2组,China has more than 300 forms of traditional opera,of which PekingOpera is the most popular.,Peking Opera evolved from Kunqu Opera,an even more ancient art of drama listed by UNESCO in 2001 among the first group of works representing humankind through oral history.,Peking,Ope
2、ra,Beijing(Peking)Opera,Peking Opera developed in early 19th-century Beijing and presents singing,music,chanting,dancing and martial arts all in one stage performance.,The“Four Great Anhui Troupes”四大徽班coming to Beijing in 1790 ushered the forming of Beijing Opera.The combination of Huidiao（徽调),Kunqu
3、(昆曲)and Qinqiang(秦腔)gradually formed Peking operas main melodies,Brief history,The Beginning Period,Forming period,Peking opera is generally regarded as having fully formed by 1845 with the birth of the first generation of Peking opera performers.The following picture shows 13 famous performers betw
4、een 1860 and 1890,Beijing opera reached maturity between 1883 and 1918.This was partly because the Empress Dowager Cixi became a regular patron of it.In this period,the leading figures are Tan Xinpei,Wang Guifen and Sun Juxian who were called”The three post giants of Housheng”.,Period of Maturity,Ta
5、n Xinpei-the leading figure,Peak time,Since 1917,a number of excellent performers such as Yang Xiaolou,Mei Lanfang and Yu Shuyan appeared and promoted Beijing opera to its best.,Role Classification,The roles of Beiiing Opera are strictly classified.There were altogether ten types of roles in the beg
6、inning,which were sheng,dan,jing,chou,mo,fu,wai,wu,za,and liu.Later,they were reclassified into four major roles,namely sheng(male),dan(female),jing(painted face),chou(clown).And each role was further divided.,Peking Operas,Facial make-up,Styles of Facial Make-up,What appeals to foreigners most migh
7、t be the different styles of facial make-up,which is one of the highlights of Chinese opera and requires distinctive techniques of painting.Exaggerated designs are painted on each performers face to symbolize a characters personality,role,and fate.This technique may have originated from ancient reli
8、gions and dance.Audiences who are familiar with opera can know the story by observing the facial painting as well as the costumes.,Origin,Peking Operas facial make-up is based on life,or rather,it is the summarization of life.,The sources of the facial,make-up are the followings:,1、Draw on the princ
9、iples of genetic origin.借鉴生活中血统遗传的原理。For instance,Zhang Pao(张苞),son of Zhang Fei张飞,Meng Qiang孟强,son of Meng Liang孟良,they all follow their fathers facial make-up and this gradually became a general practice.2、They use different colors to specify different characters in conformity with the roles in th
10、e opera.3、Rely on descriptions of the characters in classical literary works or folk stories.For example,the red-faced Guan Yu and the dark-faced Bao Gong.,Examples,Face of eunuch(太监脸)The color of it is either red or white.,Wry face歪脸：Lacking symmetry is a device to exaggerate the wryness and ugline
11、ss of facial feature of the accomplices and bullies.,Yuanbao(Shoe-shaped gold ingo)facet(元宝脸):It got the name as the color of the forehead and te cheek is different and the outline looks like a shoed-shaped gold ingot.,Face of immortal:(神仙脸)Composition of the face originated from the statue of the B
12、uddha构图 取法佛像。The main colors used are golden and silvery which stand for holiness and dignity 主要用金、银色，或在辅色中添勾金、银色线条和涂色块，以示神圣威严。,Face of demon:(小妖脸)Also called“random face”(随意脸)”,Colour&its meanings,RED,General meaning：brave、loyal and chivalrous侠义,mostly for a positive roles;others：ironically,sometim
13、es it represents those who are good looking but actually bad in nature.,Black,General meaning：straightforward、brave and fortitude刚毅，full of wisdomothers：represent the yin from yin yang,usually for ghosts,d ark skin guys or ugly-looking people,White,General Meaning:Insidious and treacherous,obstinate
14、阴险奸诈 and adhere to his own judgment;刚愎自用 Others:sometimes it also represents monks,eunuches(太监)and aged people.,Purple,General Meaning:upright and unyielding;a hero who will never be faltered by neither threats nor force”.Others:sorrowful looking,or even ugly looking people.,_ _,today,Besides color,
15、lines also function as symbols.For example,a figure can be painted either all white on his face,or just around the nose.The larger the white area painted,the more viperous the role.,京剧脸谱，是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的谱式，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”。关于脸谱的来源，一般的说法是来自假面具。京剧脸谱，是根据某种性格、性情或某种特殊类型的
16、人物为采用某些色彩的。红色有脸谱表示忠勇士义烈，如关羽、姜维、常遇春，用作辅色暗示人物命运，如蒋忠、华雄、高登等；黑色的脸谱表示刚烈、正直、勇猛、粗率，甚至鲁莽，如包拯、张飞、李逵、项羽、杨七郎等；黄色的脸谱表示彪悍、阴险、凶狠残暴，如庞涓、宇文成都、典韦。蓝色或绿色的脸谱表示一些刚强骁勇、粗犷、桀骜不驯的人物，如窦尔敦、马武、程咬金、公孙胜等；白色的脸谱一般象征阴险狡诈的坏人，如曹操、严嵩、赵高、秦桧、司马懿等。,The film,Leon Li and Ziyi Zhang,Life Overview,Mi was born in 1894 in a family of Peking Op
17、era and Knq performers.He made his stage debut when he was 10 years old.In his 50-year stage career,he maintained strong continuity while always working on new techniques.His smooth,perfectly timed,poised style has been known in opera circles as the“Mi School.”,Great Achievements,In 1915,for the fir
18、st time Mei used the spotlight 追光 in Peking Opera.In 1923,Mei was inspired to add erhu to the accompaniment of Peking opera,which enriched its background music.In 1930,Mei made a t tour performance with his troupe abroad,and visited Japan,Canada,and the United States.He showed to the whole world how marvelous the Peking Opera is and the tour turned to be a great success.,Mei Lanfang ranked first in the“Four Famaous Dan-role Actors”四大名旦,Local Operas,Kunqu Cuanxi Huangmeixi Yueju,QinqiangYuju Hebeibangzi Cantonese Opera,Thank you,
