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1、Sentence Combination 合句翻译,Sentence Combinationthe process of combining two or more than two short Chinese or English sentences into one long English or Chinese sentence so as to make the version acceptable in the target language.合句译法在翻译中依照所译入语的表达习惯与需要,将原文的两个或者更多的句子翻译成译语的一个句子。该译法常用于汉译英，因为英语句子一般要比汉语句子
2、长，具有更大的容量。因此，在汉译英时有必要、也有可能把汉语的两个或者更多的句子翻译成一个英语句子。偶尔该译法亦可用于英译汉。,In English and Chinese,sentences are built in different ways:hypotaxis(形合法)in English and parataxis(意合法)in Chinese.In other words,co-ordinate or subordinate clauses in Chinese composite sentences are usually connected by parataxis,wherea
3、s those in English compound or complex sentences by parataxis.Parataxis is co-ordinative or subordinative ranging of of propositions one after another without other expression of their syntactic relation while hypotaxis is the co-ordinative or subordinative arrangement with some corresponding expres
4、sion of the syntactic relations between the propositions,as is shown as follows:,1).Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.玩火自焚 2).Befriend those far away while attacking those nearby.远交近攻 In addition,in Chinese there is a wide use of short or separate sentencesChronicle stylewhile English is c
5、haracterized by a wide use of long or complex sentencesArchitectural style.1).门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.,2).彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.3).这是一次精心组织的会议。市政大厅里济济一
6、堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是布莱克先生。This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall,with Mr.Black in the chair.4).我有个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?,Combination in C-E TranslationA、在主语变换处合译，常出现主从句或分词结构。1)、爱丽斯站在我身边，帮我拿起电报。她的手在微微颤动。
7、Her hands slightly trembling,Alice stood by my side and helped me to pick up the telegram.2)、它是一所贵族学校。按理说，学生在政治上应该是保守的。It was an upper class institution whose students normally should have been political conservatives.3).对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。,To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom
8、 where I am king.4）我觉得这山顶的几簇白房屋就仿佛是中古时代的堡垒，那里面的主人应该是全身裹着铁片的骑士和轻盈婀娜的美人。The white buildings on the peak seemed to me like medieval forts whose occupants should all be knights in armor or slim alluring beauties.5）圆月正挂在他对面的天空。银光直射到他的头上。月光就像凉水，把他的头洗得好清爽。（子夜）In front of him hung directly the full moon,who
9、se silvery beams,like cool water,bathed his head refreshingly.,6).我国人口众多，人均资源有限，资金不足。发展精加工高附加值的产品是今后扩大出口的一个关键。Considering the large population,limited per capita resources and shortage of funds in China,we should increase export of finely processed products and of those with high added value,which i
10、s central to further expansion of exports in the future.7).战士无所畏惧地奋勇前进。他的脚步很坚定。Fighters march forward fearlessly,with firm steps.,8).说毕，张道士方退出去。/这里贾母与众人上了楼，在正面楼上归坐。/凤姐等占了东楼。Thereupon the priest withrew,while the Lady Dowager and her party went upstairs to sit in the main balcony,Xifeng and her compa
11、nions occupying that to the east.9).贾琏见他去了，只得回来瞧凤姐。/谁知凤姐已醒了，听他和鸳鸯借当。As soon as she had gone Jia Lian went in to see Xifeng,who had woken up and heard him ask for a loan.10).邢夫人将方才的话只略说了几句，/贾赦无法，又含愧。When Lady Xing gave her husband an abbreviated version of what the Lady Dowager had said,Jia She felt
12、at a loss and bitterly ashamed,too.,B、按内容连贯合译1)、旧历新年快来了。/这是一年中的第一件大事。/除了那些负债过多的人以外，大家都热烈地欢迎这个佳节的到来。The traditional New Year Holiday was fast approaching,the first big event of the year,and everyone,except those who owed heavy debtswhich traditionally had to be paid off before the end of the yearwas
13、enthusiastically looking forward to it.2)、但是当时日军侵占华北，而内战依然不断。/在全国危机日益加深的情况下，激进主义思潮开始在校园蔓延。But as the national crisis deepened when the long-standing civil war merged with Japans conquest in the North,a wave of radicalism began to spread on the campus.,3)、还是热，心里可镇定多了。/凉风，即使是一点点，给了人们很多希望。（骆驼祥子）It was
14、still hot but everyone felt much better,for the breeze,though slight,brought them hope.4）他的眼睛疲倦地闭着，但是有时又突然大睁开看看岸上的路，看看水面。/没有什么动静。他含糊地哼了一声，又静下去了。（子夜）His eyes were closed wearily,but once in a while he would open them suddenly and stare at the path along the shore,or look at the water.When he saw that
15、 nothing was stirring,he would mutter something to himself and again doze off.,5)、第二天，他又接到了一个电报。/这个电报有板有34个字，报告的是那同样的消息，不过比以期一个电报说得更详细；他的哥哥死了，而且是自己用刀割断喉管死的。（春天的秋天）The following day he received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers,giving more details:his brother had committed suicide by cutting
16、his own throat.6).只有吴荪甫的眼睛里却闪出了兴奋的光彩。/和孙吉人尚属初交，真看不出这个细长脖子的小脑袋里倒怀着那样的高瞻远瞩的气魄。However,Wu Sunfus eyes gleamed with excitement,for Sun Jiren was a comparatively new acquaintance,and Wu Sunfu had hardly expected that this man with his small head and long neck would turn out to be so far-sighted an duncon
17、ventional.,7).仔细地听了听，她没有去生火炉，也没有去收拾房间。/他赶快跳下床来打开一条门缝向外一望院子里冷清清一个人影也没有。When he had listened intently and made sure that she was not lighting the fire or cleaning the room,/he bounded out of bed,opened the door a little,and peered into the courtyardno one was there.8)、最后两个字是特别用力的。/大家都不懂“这个”是什么。He laid
18、 sepcial stress on the word“this”,but nobody appeared to understand what he meant.,C、在关联处合译 汉语句子的连接可以是隐性的，也可以是显性的，在汉译英中可用显性的连接手段来合译。1)、我们往往可以从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人。/因为人与人之间有友谊，同样的，人与书也就有书谊。A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps,for there is a companionsh
19、ip of books as well as of men.2)、阁下如认为该公司信守合同，可以胜任我公司之代理商，则请告知。/我们当不胜感激。It would be much appreciated if you would inform us whether the company can be relied on to abide by agreement hence qualified to be an agent on our behalf.,3）过了两年，他又换过学校，却遇见了一个值得感佩的同事。/那同事是个纯朴的人，担任教师有六七年了。Two years later he cha
20、nged to yet another school,and there he met a colleague whom he could not help admiring and feeling drawn to,as he was a sincere,plain-spoken fellow who had been a teacher for six or seven years.4).从前有个俊俏的年轻人，名叫王小，人人都喜欢他；可他总是闷闷不乐。/因为他有一个说话尖刻，唠叨不休的继母。Once there lived a handsome young man named Wang X
21、iao who,though a favorite with everyone,was unhappy because he had a sharp-tongued,nagging stepmother.,5)、挤到沙滩边，澌啵！-队伍解散，喷着忿怒的白沫。然而后一排有赶着扑上来。（黄昏）They crowded forward to break against the beach.Then their troop scattered,spraying angry white foam,while the file behind caught up and charged in its tur
22、n.6).事实上，现代诗中的对立，并不是亚洲与欧洲之间的对立。/这种对立，是创新与保守的对立。这两种对立有关系，可是绝不相同。In fact,the antithesis in modern poetry has not been between Asia and Europe,but between innovation and conservationa related but by no means identical polarity.,7).他的注释可以帮助了解。/因为他的解释非常精炼。他在直接引用别人的诗文时，往往是一种“混杂的作法“。人们可以说他这样做是因为他对原材料没有完全消化
23、。可是并非如此。他开拓的正是传统抒情诗所没有开拓的地方。他摈弃容易的“解释”，宁取既明确又细致的定义。His notes are a lot help to understanding,since his meaning is condensed,and since he often follows a“hybrid method of composition”in quoting directly from his sources.It might be argued that such a method shows that he has not fully assimilated his
24、 material.Yet this is not so;rather,he begins where the conventional lyric leaves off,rejecting an easy“meaning”in favor of definitions that are at once more precise and more subtle.,8).在1300年前，已经发明了刻版印刷。在800年前又发明了活字印刷。Block-printing was invented 1300 years,and movable type 800 years ago.9)她说道：“有个哥哥
25、该多好啊。”这话说得入情入理，她没爹没娘，又没有亲友，真是孤苦伶仃。软心肠的阿米莉亚听了，立刻觉得她可怜。She said,with perfect truth,that“it must be delightful to have a brother,”and easily got the pity of tender-hearted Amelia,for being alone in the world,an orphan without friends or kindred.(Vanity Fair),10).一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感
26、平时只能零星发泄，必须等有了丈夫和孩子，情感收藏起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。It was what sentimentalists,who deal in very big words,call a yearning after the ideal,and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections,which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small change.(
27、W.Thackeray:Vanity Fair),2.Combination in E-C TranslationCombine simple sentences into a compound or complex sentence.1).The young man was rather upset.He failed in the contest.He lost the chance to go abroad.这个年轻人很沮丧，因为他竞赛输了，没机会出国了。2)、That night,the general manager of the corporation had a long tal
28、k with Xiao Zhang.Xiao Zhang was to be the head of a branch in Brazil the next month.那晚,公司的总经理与小张谈了很久，因为小张将于下月出任巴西分公司的负责人。,3).My father is of middle height.He is stout and strong,with a severe look on his face and with keen expressive eyes.我的父亲中等身材，长得结实强壮，有一副挺严肃的神情和一双锐利而富于表情的眼睛。4).Nobody grows old m
29、erely by a number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals.没有人仅仅因为岁月的流逝而变得衰老，只有放弃理想才日益衰老起来。5).From there I could see the whole valley below,the fields,the river and the village.It was all very beautiful,and the sight of it filled me with longing.从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。,6).She
30、 is very busy in the firm.She has to receive visitors and make arrangements for her manager.She has to do some other office work,too.她在公司里很忙，既要接待来访者又要为经理做好种种事务的安排，还要兼做其它一些办公室工作。7).Darkness fell.An explosion shook the earth.It did not shake off his will to go to the front.夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决
31、心。8).She suffered much in the catastrophe.A great majority of her property was lost and her husband was badly injured.She did not feel discouraged and faced up to the reality doggedly.,B.Combine complex sentences into a simple sentence.1).When you apply for graduate degree courses in Oxford,you shou
32、ld contact University of Oxford directly.申请牛津大学的研究生学位课程需要直接与学校联系。2).When she was in the 11th grade,his oldest daughter became a member of the National Honour Society.她的大女儿在读11年级（高中二年级）时就成了“全国优秀生协会”的会员。3).His first recollection of the magic she could bring to Valentines Day came when he was six.他对情人节
33、的最初印象是他在六岁时她带给他的惊喜。,C.Combine two E.complex sentences into one C.complex sentence.1).When one is awake,he cannot fix his eyes or attention constantly on a single object.He must blink,if nothing else.一个人清醒时不可能老是盯着或注视某一物体，他至少会眨巴眨巴眼睛。2).I never thought that I would eat a food that did not agree with me
34、.Now I meet it whenever I have a meal.我从来没想到会吃不对我胃口的食物，现在我每次吃饭都遇到讨厌的食物。,3).I am convinced that what we do to children,they will do to the world.It is important that we keep this constantly in our minds.我相信我们对孩子们所做之事，他们以后会交还给这个世界，时常记住这一点是很重要的。4).When Tom ran out of canvas,he wrote to his two brothers
35、 and asked them to send more.He received instead a tough,brown cotton cloth which was made in Nimes,France 汤姆用完了帆布，便写信要他的两个兄弟再寄一些来，不料收到的却是法国尼姆产的一种坚韧的棕色棉布,Drill A.Improve the following versions1).两个男人穿着深灰色的衣服，第三个穿着宝蓝色袍子。她走到柳林后，就让其中一个深灰色衣服的人坐在上席。这个人留着胡子，是个白面书生。Two were dressed in dark grey,and the thi
36、rd in a blue gown.When she reached the willows,she asked one of them in grey to take the seat of honor.He was a pale-faced scholar with a beard.2).三个人缓步而行。他们都有四、五十岁的样子，每个人摇着一把白纸扇。There came three men.They advanced slowly.All of them were forty to fifty years old and each of them carried a white pape
37、r fan with them.,3).张三有很大的野心，这种野心使他想登上国王的宝座，巫婆们也预言他的野心是会实现的。当时的国王是李成。于是，就在他妻子的纵容下把国王杀了，这样他就成了新的国王。Zhang San was very ambitious.This led him to wish to become the king.The witches told him that this wish of his would come true.The king at that time was Li Cheng.Encouraged by his wife,Zhang San murder
38、ed LI Cheng.He was thus enabled to succeed LI Cheng as king.4).树枝上都像水洗过一番似的，尤其绿得可爱。湖中有十来枝荷花。荷花上清水滴滴，荷叶上水珠滚来滚去。The trees were freshly washed by the rain.They were a lovelier green than ever.There were some ten lotus buds in the lake,and crystal drops were dripping from them.Then the drops rolled abou
39、t the leaves.,Drill B.Put the following into Chinese.1).There is no more difference,but there is just the same kind of difference,between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as that is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who weighs out
40、his goods in common scales and the operations of a chemist who performs a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights.(T.H.Huxley)2).A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth,but the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths
41、 could be packed inside each and leave room to spare;here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.,3).Today the University of Oxford is an international leader in teaching,research and technology transfer.Its international student community of 16400
42、 include students from different countries.4).At Jemeys I came to the end of my childhood.There were no schools within easy reach.I had to go nearly thirty miles to school at Bernalillo,and one year I lived away in Albuquerque.,Drill C.Put the following into English1)、货币和货币政策带来的种种后果影响着每一个人，年老的和年轻的，富裕的和贫困的，白人和黑人，大学毕业生和小学辍学生，无一例外。2）、根据国家不同的住房供应政策，最终将形成三类住房供应体系，即高收入者购买、租赁市场价商品住房；中低收入者购买经济适用住房；最低收入者租用政府或单位提供的廉租住房。,
