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1、,Teaching vocabulary,Introduction of This Unit To discuss how to teach vocabulary.Although vocabulary is usually integrated with the teaching of reading,we still consider it necessary to introduce ways to learn and consolidate vocabulary.,Teaching Content How to teach vocabulary What students need t
2、o know Presenting vocabulary Consolidating vocabulary Developing vocabulary building strategies,Read the following assumptions about vocabulary in English learning and decide if you agree with them or not.,1.A vocabulary item can be more than one word.2.Languages consist of“words”with equivalents fr
3、om one language to another.3.Vocabulary cannot be taught.It must be learned by the individuals.,4.Both teachers and students need to know that there is a difference between active and passive vocabulary.5.The best way to explain vocabulary is to translate.6.English-English explanations are the best
4、for vocabulary teaching.,7.An English-English dictionary is an important aid for students.8.Words can be taught and learned most effectively in groups of words which are related to each other in meaning.,9.Words must be learned in language contexts.10.If we do not use words,we will forget them,passi
5、ve and active vocabulary,The passive vocabulary is the set of words which the students recognize and understand when they occur in a context,but which the students can not produce correctly.The active vocabulary is the set of words which the students understand,can pronounce correctly and use constr
6、uctively in speaking and writing.,What is vocabulary?,Vocabulary can be defined,roughly,as the words we teach in the foreign language.However,a new item of vocabulary may be more than a single word.There are also multi-word idioms.A useful convention is to cover all such cases by talking about vocab
7、ulary“items”rather than“words”.,Task,Can you think of 5 or 6 further examples of vocabulary items,in either Chinese or English,that consist of more than one word?,The importance of vocabulary The singular importance of vocabulary has become a powerful insight to raise achievement.The words we know h
8、elp us organize our learning.The creation of words is our tool for increasing learning.Vocabulary instruction should be a focal point of learning,especially for students impacted by poverty.Vocabulary instruction is an excellent advance organizer but also must be taught in context.,Vocabulary plays
9、an important part in learning to read.Beginning readers must use the words they hear orally to make sense of the words they see in print.With 100,000 words in the English language,teaching vocabulary can seem like a very daunting prospect.,Task:Discuss and answer the following questions:,1.What are
10、the most common ways for Chinese students to learn vocabulary regarding English?2.Similarly,what are the most common ways for Chinese teachers to teach English vocabulary,in primary school,secondary school and university?,What a student may need to know?,1.Item-What it means2.The form3.How it is pro
11、nounced4.How it is spelt5.The connotations that the item may have6.The situations when the word is or is not used7.How the word is related to others8.Collocation or the way that words occur together9.What the affixes may indicate about the meaning?,Task,(1)Can you think of five or six examples of it
12、ems in English whose grammatical characteristics are not obviously covered by a regular grammatical rule,and which you would therefore need to teach when you teach them?(2)Think of three or four typical collocations in English,and try translating them into Chinese.Do the collocations translate exact
13、ly?If not,what kinds of learning/teaching problems might this lead to,and what might you do about it?,Task,(3)How would you present the meanings of the words swim,fame,childish,political,impertinence,kid,guy,and bastard?For which would you mention their connotations?And their appropriate contexts?(4
14、)Find in both Chinese and English at least one example for each of the main categories of meaning relationships.,Task,(5)What prefixes and suffixes in English would you consider it useful for learners to know?(6)Try to mark the connotation of these words as positive(+)or negative(-):confident stubbo
15、rn extravagant mean famous arrogant determined generous notorious,Task,(7)What is a group of _called?Choose the correct answer from Column B.,Task,(8)Tick the verb that appropriately goes with the noun.,Presenting new words,I.Some suggestions for teachers1)prepare examples to show meanings.2)Ask stu
16、dents to tell the meaning first,Presenting new words,3)Think about how to show the meaning of a word with related words such as synonyms,antonyms etc.4)Think about how to check students understanding.,Presenting new words,5)Think about the context in real life where their words might be used.6)Think
17、 about possible misunderstanding and confusion that may have.,Task,Two teachers presented the word grumble.Below are the descriptions of how they did it.Work in groups of four and discuss which way is more effective.Try to give reasons for your decision.,Task,Teacher A:a)wrote grumbleon the blackboa
18、rd.b)saidcomplain about someone or something in an annoyed wayc)translated the word into the students native language.d)gave more example sentences for the students to translate into their native language.,Task,Teacher B:said some pelple grumble about everything.For example,they grumble about the we
19、ather.If it is sunny,they say it is too hot.If it is cool,they say it is too cold.They are never happy with the weather.They always grumble about the weather.Then the teacher set out to check the students understanding by asking So what does grumble mean?,Here are more ways to present and explain vo
20、cabulary:,a.Draw pictures,diagrams and maps to show meanings or connection of meanings.b.Use real objects to show meanings.c.Mime or act to show meaningsd.Use synonyms or antonyms to explain meanings.,Here are more ways to present and explain vocabulary:,e.Use lexical sets f.Translate and exemplify,
21、especially with technical words or words with abstract meaning.g.Use word formation rules and common affixes.,Again which you choose will depend on the item you are presenting.Some are more suitable for particular words.Often a combination of techniques can be both helpful and memorable,Task,Work in
22、 groups and discuss what techniques or combination of techniques you would use to present the following vocabulary items.Choose four items and give a mini demonstration.a sponge,a hammer,a lion,lazy,sad,to shave,to increase,a coat hanger,two million,reward,love,fight,a typist,a boxer,erase,sleepy,Co
23、nsolidating vocabulary,1.Labeling;2.Spotting the differences;3.Describing and drawing;4.Playing a game;5.Using word thermometers;6.Usingword series;7.Word bingo;8.Word association;9.Odd man out;10.Synonyms and antonyms;11.Using word categories;12.Using word net-work.13.Using the internet resources f
24、or more ideas,Using word series,Example:Cutlery:knife,fork,spoonTransport:_ _ _ _Vehicles:_ _ _ _Furniture:_ _ _ _Buildings:_ _ _ _,shopper customer client bargain seller pay shop buy money store sell sale market price discount supermarket goods receipt,Word bingo,Using word categories:,countries,mi
25、lk,typist,apples,pigs,shirts,Germany,chickens,Japan,shoes,oranges,peaches,wine,cows,butcher,tea,driver,Greece,socks,Turkey,trousers,banker,dogs,sheep,coffee,plums,pears,Drinks,Fruits,Animals,Jobs,Clothes,Using word net-work:,sitting room,bathroom,ktichen,bedroom,knife,HOUSE,Developing vocabulary bui
26、lding strategies,1.Review regularly2.Guess meaning from context 1)synonyms or antonyms in the context 2)reference words 3)collocations between words,a)Some sentences tell the definition for a difficult word by means of punctuation or certain help words.For example,dashes(-),parentheses(),Brackets,co
27、mmas,words like that is,meaning,such as,or is called.Mary felt perturbed,that is,greatly disturbed,by her sisters action.,b)Some sentence tells the opposite of what a new word means.From its opposite we can figure out the meaning of the word.,A frugal person would never spend money so freely.,If you
28、 are frugal you do not spend freely,Frugal must mean“to be careful about spending money”.,c)Using your own experience to figure out the definition of a word.,Feeling depressed,Carl frowned.,You know from your experience that a frown usually means“unhappiness”.So“unhappy”should be a good guess for th
29、e meaning of depressed.,d).Sentence before or after a sentence containing a difficult word sometimes explain the meaning of the word.,Mary had a bubbling personality.Her enthusiasm,her lively actions,her excitement at new ideas always attracted people.I never knew such an ebullient woman.,These sent
30、ence helps you put together a definition of ebullient-overflowing with excitement.,e)Some sentences are just written to give definition of difficult words words readers need to know in order to understand what they are reading.,Impediments are objects that stand in the way of some goal.,f)Because so
31、me sentences give examples for a new word,you can build a definition.,Select any one of those periodicals:playboy,Readers Digest,Time Magazine.,This sentence doesnt say that a periodical is a magazine,but you can figure that out easily from the examples.,g)Some sentences use a word you do know to he
32、lp explain a word you dont know.,A formidable enemy is one to be feared.,Formidable-through the clue in this sentence means“fearful”,or“dreadful”.,Developing vocabulary building strategies,3.Organize vocabulary effectively 1)images and associations 2)grouping(semantic meaning,use,collocation,synonym
33、s)4.Use a dictionary 5.Manage strategy use6.Use learned vocabulary,Alternative ways of teaching vocabulary,1.Give your students a few items of vocabulary and tell them to find the meaning,pronunciation and write an example sentence with the word in.They can then teach each other in groups.2.Prepare
34、worksheets and ask your students to match words to definitions.3.Ask students to classify a group of words into different categories.For example,a list of transport words into air/sea/land.4.Ask students to find new vocabulary from reading homework and teach the other students in the class.,Other th
35、ings to consider,1.Review the vocabulary you teach through a game or activity and encourage your students to do the same at home.2.Encourage autonomy in your learners.Tell them to read,watch films,listen to songs etc.and note the useful words.3.Have a section of your board for vocabulary items that
36、come up as you are teaching.Use different colors for the word/the phonemics/the prepositions/the part of speech.,4.It is a good idea to teach/learn words with associated meanings together.5.Encourage your students to purchase a good dictionary and use class time to highlight the benefits of one.6.Te
37、ach your students the grammatical names for the parts of speech and the phonemic script.7.Always keep a good dictionary by your side in case a student asks about a word you dont know.,8.If you dont and have never heard of the word,tell the student you will check and get back to them.Do get back to t
38、hem 9.Give extra example sentences to the students if they are unsure and encourage them to write the word in an example sentence(maybe for homework),To conclude,Vocabulary teaching is not an isolated activity.Vocabulary teaching is also a cooperation The purpose of English vocabulary teaching is to
39、 help students develop the abilities of using English for communication and of acquiring knowledge in the future.,Assignment,Lesson preparationFind a lesson in a suitable textbook.Identify the new vocabulary.Choose the most important words which you would focus on as active vocabulary.Prepare:A presentation of each word,to show its meaning A few questions to ask,using each word.Look at the other new vocabulary in the lesson.Decide how you would teach it.Complete the self-evaluation sheet after you have taught the lesson.,Assignment,Self-evaluation sheet,
