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1、Critical Thinking,Unit 2,Book II,Text 1 Critical Thinking,Part I:(Paras.1 4)What is critical thinking?(definition)Para.1:Its a system for opening every existing system.Para.2:Or,critical thinking is thinking that analyzes thought,that assesses thought,and that transforms thought for the better.Para.
2、2:(There is a third way to talk about critical thinking)Its thinking about thinking while thinking in order to think better.Para.4:In other words,critical thinking,transforms thinking in two directions:more systematically and more comprehensively.,Part II:(Paras.5 6)Critical thinking is important.Pa
3、ra.5:Its important because we,as creatures,are deeply determined by our thinking.Para.6:Our future as a species is dependent on whether we can develop the wherewithal to raise our collective thinking so as to produce positive changes in societies across the world.,Part III:(Paras.7 10):The task of d
4、eveloping critical societies is a Herculean one.Para.7:topic sentence and background information.Paras.8-10:There are many barriers to critical thought.-Para.8:human egocentricity,sociocentricity,self-delusion,narrow-mindedness-Para.9:fear,human insecurity,human habits,bureaucracy,-Para.10:Then for
5、us who are teaching,student resistance to critical thinking is an obstacle.mistaken notions,ignorance,our limited knowledge,stubbornness,our activated ignorance,(finally)our resistance to doing the intellectual work.,Part IV(Paras.11 15):How do we cultivate critical thinking?Paras.11 and 12:This can
6、 be done only person-by-person through a process,which we call intellectual work.Think of the“Elements of Thought”.Are we in the habit of asking questions?Paras.13 15:What standards do you use to assess your thinking and the thinking of others?“I use the standards of clarity,accuracy,precision,relev
7、ance,depth,breadth,logic and fairness.”,The last two paras.:conclusionOur students should learn to think critically so as to know how to change their thinking in keeping with the changes of the world.,What is critical thinking?Why is it important for us?Why is it so difficult?How can we cultivate it
8、?,What is“being critical”?,Critic comes from the Ancient Greek,meaning a person who offers reasoned judgment or analysis,and criticism is the activity of judgment or informed interpretation,which can be synonymous with analysis.,Being critical in academic terms refers to two broad characteristics of
9、 a researchers way of thinking.A critical researcher is always questioning.asking question/expressing doubts:nothing is taken for granted.scrutinizing evidence:Where there is a claim made,clarify the evidence that supports.drawing a conclusion:check if the claims in question are credible-or not!,A c
10、ritical researcher is open-minded,respectful of others(even while perhaps challenging their work),and constructive.The objective of critical research is to advance knowledge,not to build ones own reputation or damage someone elses.,So,how do you understand“being critical”in reading?,What do we mean
11、by critical in reading?,read between linesbe inquisitivejudge credibilitycomment rationallyreflect on oneself for improvement,read between lines:thinking carefully about what you read and why:not just looking for and reading the obvious,be inquisitive:questioning and testing what you read,e.g.“do th
12、e authors viewpoints and ideas appear justified?Why-or why not?”asking good questions of others and of yourselfexploring further what is not adequately discussed in what you read,judge credibility:judging what is believable and what is notspotting and challenging potential bias,distorted views,preju
13、dice,and self-interest-in the work of others,and in your own thinkingchallenging ideas-where appropriate,and based on credible evidence,comment rationally:not just repeating the ideas of others,but looking for connections(or disparities),and constructing your own arguments supported by a range caref
14、ully considered viewpoints,reflect for improvement:looking for gaps,and putting forward new or different solutions;adapting your plan,your goal,your way of reading and learning based on your developing insights,What is the“critical thinking”stairway?What do people do when they think critically?,Disc
15、ussion(I),When you have a problem,or simply when you want to do sth.,or achieve a certain goal,what do you do to arrive at the final destination?,Discussion(II),Sherlock Holmes and John Watson have never met each other but they are going to share a flat.When they meet for the first time,they must wo
16、nder:Who is the guy and what is he like?How did Holmes get the answers?How did Watson get the answers?,Holmes way to get the answer,Question observation processing information(analyzing what is seen and recognizing logical relationship between the visible and the invisible)assumption putting the ass
17、umption to test reconstructing belief arriving at accurate conclusion,Watsons way to get the answer,puzzledwaiting to be told the answer,Critical Thinking“Stairway”Questions/problems/plan/goal,etc.observation:gathering relevant informationprocessing information:analyzing,comparing,synthesizing,recog
18、nizing logical relationship between the visible and the invisibleassumption:Recognizing the existence(or non-existence)of logical relationships between information;drawing warranted conclusions and generalizations test:putting the assumption to test,verifying if it is accurateReconstruction:reconstr
19、ucting your patterns of beliefs on the basis of wider experience if previous assumption proves to be inaccurateConclusion/judgment:rendering an accurate judgment,Critical readingLogical thinkingCreative thinkingLogicGreat thinkers/philosophers and their thoughtHere may be where you begin to explore about“critical thinking”:http:/,Further Reading,
