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1、如何攻克阅读中的长难句,长难句特点：,1、主语或宾语拉长 2、分词短语打头 3、多个谓语动词连用 4、举例作为插入语 5、并列句连用使得句子变长 6、多重复合句叠加,五大句型,总原则：浓缩主干，找出核心句型,1、主语或宾语拉长解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。The streams,lakes,meadows(草地）,mountain ridges and forests that make the Pocono an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region.（2005.6）
2、,溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地，而且吸引了越来越多人来到这里。,In Africa I met a boy，who was crying as if his heart would break and said，when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.结构分析：（1）主干结构是主语+过去式+宾语：I met a boy。（2）crying后面是状语从句as if his heart would break。（3）when I spo
3、ke to him是介于said和that he was hungry because之间的插入语。,There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.分析：该句可分为：There was little hope/of continuing my inquiries/after dark/to any useful purpose/in a neighborhood that was strange
4、to me.,2、分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式 解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。Operating out of a century-old school house in the village of Long Pond,Pennsylvania,the Conservancys Bud Cook(大自然保护协会)is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protec
5、tion.,在宾西法尼亚州的朗庞德村庄有一栋上百年历史的校舍，大自然保护协会的成员巴德-库克就在这里办公，他与当地人民和商业领导合作，以努力平衡好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。,介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States,many Americans are turning to Japan,a country of high academic achievement and economic success,for possible answers.（2005.
6、1）,turn to sb for sth,有一段时间，美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不仅经济实力强，而且学术成就也很高。,e.g.To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond,Japanese schools do not teach reading,writing,and mathematics,but rather skills such as persistence,concentration,and the ability to work
7、as a member of a group.（2005.1）Q：In Japans preschool education,the focus is on-A.preparing children academically B.developing childrens artistic interests C.tapping childrens potential D.shaping childrens character,不定式to位于句首表目的，是考试重点。,D,3、多个谓语动词连用,解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有
8、一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。Scratchy throats,stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery,but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感）may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.（2005.1）,4、举例作为插入语 提示词such as;for example;including etc.快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入
9、语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。例如：,Finally,other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid,material resources,and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.Q：Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of A.instrumental support B.informationa
10、l support C.social companionship D.the strengthening of self-respect,A,（1）Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose,runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually,and adults and teens often do not get a fever.（2005.1）翻译：普通感冒患者的一些典型症状，如鼻塞、流鼻涕、喉咙发痒，发作比较缓慢，成人和青少年患者一般不会有发热症状。（2）And in general,flu sy
11、mptoms including fever and chills,sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms.（2005.1）翻译：一般来说，流感症状包括发烧、发冷、喉咙发痒、浑身疼痛，比普通感冒的症状来得突然和猛烈。,注意：插入语有时可以换成短语，如介词短语、不定式短语等等；还可以换成有两个破折号引起的插入语成分。It is 37 years later.Stokoenow devoting his time to writing and editing books a
12、nd journals and to producing video materials on ASL and deaf cultureis having lunch at a caf near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.(2004.6)时间过了37年。现在Stoloe在Gallaudet校园旁边的一家餐厅吃午餐，一边谈他是怎样开始革命的。目前Stoloe致力于撰写和编辑关于美国手语和聋哑人文化的书籍和杂志，以及制作相关的录像材料。,在主语后面加上同位语、插入语、或非限制性定语从句，（甚至是一
13、个句子的主干主语）注意：发现主语后面有一个逗号，立刻寻找另一个逗号，中间的内容跳读！,Example,A recent study,published in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association,offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver.,Example,Robert Foss,a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research C
14、enter,says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with“really stupid behavior”than with just a lack of driving experience.,Example,RTCA,an organization which advises the aviation(航空)industry,has recommended that all airlines ban(禁止)such devices from being used during critical sta
15、ges of flight,particularly take-off and landing.,Example,The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate,says this ethics(伦理学)professor at the University of Chicago,is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.,5、并列句连用使得句子变长（主谓宾
16、都可以并列）并列句是四级阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如：,To make matters worse for the government,it soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office,and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situ
17、ation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines.(2004.6)翻译：对政府来说，更糟糕的是，不久得知的消息是，王妃的安哥拉之行得到过外事办的批准，并且她事实上非常了解安哥拉的形势和英国政府关于地雷的政策。,相当于拆分成三个句子：(1)To make matters worse for the government(2)It soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office.(3)It soon e
18、merged that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines.,6、多重复合句叠加,一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。例如：（1）Then there is the general,all covering apology,which avoids the necessity of identi
19、fying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting,and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again.(2006.1),(2)More than three million people live in inner London,and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area,which is made up of formerly s
20、eparate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.,The children who are raised in an environment where there are many stimuli(刺激因素)which develop their ability for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,The fact that the average Englishmans hom
21、e has become his workshop is partly because he is enthusiastic about working with his hands and partly because he feels,for one reason or another that he must do for himself many household jobs for which,some years ago,he would have hired professional help.,The fact that the average Englishmans home has become his workshop is partly because he is enthusiastic about working with his hands and partly because he feels,for one reason or another that he must do for himself many household jobs for which,some years ago,he would have hired professional help.,The end,
