《担保法律制度》PPT课件.ppt

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1、第七章 担保法律制度chapter 7 secured interests law,一、担保法概述 summary of secured interests law(一)担保法的概念:指调整债务人、担保人与债权人之间所发生的民商事关系的法律规范的总称。,中华人民共和国担保法1995年10月日起施行 最高人民法院关于适用若干问题的解释 2000年12月13日起施行。Explanations by The Supreme Peoples Court on Certain Questions Regarding The Application of The Secured Interests Law

2、物权法2007年3月16日,十届全国人大五次会议高票通过。2007年10月1日生效。,物权法第178条明确规定:“担保法与本法的规定不一致的,适用本法。”担保法继续有效。二者的关系:吸收、补充、修改。,(二)担保:guarantee指促使债务人履行其债务,保障债权人的债权得以实现的法律措施。1、担保的种类:classification of guarantee人的担保物的担保金钱担保,2、我国担保法规定的担保方式:Security devices in SIL保证guarantee 人的担保抵押mortgage质押hypothecation/pledge 物的担保留置lien定金deposit

3、/earnest 金钱担保,3、反担保:counter-guarantee 概念:第三人为债务人向债权人提供担保时,债务人应第三人的要求,为第三人所提供的担保。担保法第四条:第三人为债务人向债权人提供担保时,可以要求债务人提供反担保。反担保适用本法担保的规定。反担保方式可以是债务人提供的抵押或者质押,也可以是其他人提供的保证、抵押或者质押。(担保法解释第条反担保方式:保证、抵押或者质押The counter guarantor may be a debtor or anybody else.The form of counter guarantee may either be the mort

4、gage or pledge provided by the debtor or the guarantee,mortgage or pledge provided by anybody else.,、担保合同secured contract:受益的债权人与担保人约定的,以担保法规定的担保方式,担保债权实现的合同。担保合同与主合同的关系要点,物权法第一百七十二条设立担保物权,应当依照本法和其他法律的规定订立担保合同。担保合同是主债权债务合同的从合同。主债权债务合同无效,担保合同无效,但法律另有规定的除外。担保合同与主合同存在密切的法律关系,一般来说,担 保合同是主合同的从合同,主合同无效,担保

5、合同无效;主合同有效,担保合同可能有效,也可能无效,具体而言,担保合同与主合同在法律效力上的 关系有以下几种情况:1主合同有效而担保合同无效的情况下,债权人无过错的,担保人与债务 人对主合同债权人的经济损失,承担连带赔偿责任;债权人、担保人有过错的,担保人承担民事责任的部分,不应超过债务人不能清偿部分的l2。2主合同无效而导致担保合同无效的情况下,担保人无过错的,担保人不 承担民事责任;担保人有过错的,担保人承担民事责任的部分,不应超过债务人 不能清偿部分的13。“不能清偿”指对债务人的存款、现金、有价证券、成品、半成品、原材料、交通工具等可以执行的动产和其他方便执行的财产执行完毕后,债务仍未

6、能得到 清偿的状态。担保人因无效担保合同向债权人承担赔偿责任后,可以向债务人追偿,或者在承担赔偿责任的范围内,要求有过错的反担保人承担赔偿责任。担保人可以根据承担赔偿责任的事实对债务人或者反担保人另行提起诉讼。,Article 5 A guarantee contract should be subordinated to the principal contract.When the principal contract is nullified,the guarantee contract should also become invalid.Otherwise,should there

7、be some arrangements stipulated in the guarantee contract,those arrangements shall be followed instead.After the nullification of the guarantee contract,mistakes,if any,of the debtor,guarantor or creditor,shall be affixed with due civil responsibilities.,Judicial explanation Article 7 The guarantor

8、and the debtor shall be jointly liable to make compensation to the creditor to the principal contract for the economic losses incurred if the creditor is faultless under an invalid guarantee contract while the principal contract is valid.The guarantor shall bear a share of civil liability not more t

9、han one half of all the debt to be paid off if the creditor and the guarantor are at fault.,Judicial explanation Article 8 The guarantor shall not bear any civil responsibility if the guarantor is faultless under an invalid principal contract that leads to an invalid guarantee contract.The guarantor

10、 shall bear a part of civil liability not more than one third of all the debt to be paid off if he(or she)is at fault.,Judicial explanation Article 9 The guarantor may,after undertaking the responsibility of compensation to the creditor under an invalid guarantee contract,press the debtor for compen

11、sation,or within the scope of the compensation responsibility,demand the faulty counter guarantor bear compensation responsibilities.The guarantor may,according to the factual compensation responsibilities,lodge a separate lawsuit against the debtor or the counter guarantor.,二、保证GUARANTEE(一)概念和特征是指保

12、证人和债权人约定,当债务人不履行债务时,保证人按照约定履行债务或者承担责任的行为。当事人:保证人、被保证人(债权人)、债务人 Article 6 Guarantee referred to in this law means the acts of a guarantor to pay the debts or assume the responsibility under an agreement between the guarantor and the creditor,in case the debtor fails to pay the debts.,(二)保证人guarantor1

13、、积极资格具有代为清偿债务能力的法人、其他组织或者公民,可以作保证人。Article 7 Legal persons,other organizations or citizens that have the capacity to pay off debts can act as guarantors.,2、消极资格不得做保证人的民事主体国家机关不得为保证人但经国务院批准为使用外国政府或者国际经济组织贷款进行转贷的除外。Article 8 State organs cannot act as guarantors,except for sub-lending of loans from fo

14、reign governments or international economic organizations.,学校、幼儿园、医院等以公益为目的的事业单位、社会团体不得为保证人。从事经营活动的事业单位、社会团体为保证人的,如无其他导致保证合同无效的情况,其所签定的保证合同应当认定为有效。Schools,kindergartens,hospitals and other institutions or social groups with the aim of benefiting the public cannot act as guarantors.Article 16 The gua

15、rantee contract signed by institutions and social organizations engaged in operating activities as guarantors shall be deemed as valid provided that there is no condition that leads to the invalidity of the contract.,企业法人的分支机构只能在企业法人的书面授权范围内进行保证活动Branches of enterprise legal persons cannot act as gu

16、arantors.Branches of enterprise legal persons,with the legal persons written empowerment,can offer guarantee within the authorized areas.,(司法解释)第十七条企业法人的分支机构未经法人书面授权提供保证的,保证合同无效。因此给债权人造成损失的,应当根据担保法第五条第二款的规定处理。企业法人的分支机构经法人书面授权提供保证的,如果法人的书面授权范围不明,法人的分支机构应当对保证合同约定的全部债务承担保证责任。企业法人的分支机构经营管理的财产不足以承担保证责任的,

17、由企业法人承担民事责任。企业法人的分支机构提供的保证无效后应当承担赔偿责任的,由分支机构经营管理的财产承担。企业法人有过错的,按照担保法第二十九条的规定处理。,第二十九条 企业法人的分支机构未经法人书面授权或者超出授权范围与债权人订立保证合同的,该合同无效或者超出授权范围的部分无效,债权人和企业法人有过错的,应当根据其过错各自承担相应的民事责任;债权人无过错的,由企业法人承担民事责任。,Judicial explanation Article 17 The guarantee contract shall be invalid if the guarantee is provided by a

18、 branch of a corporate without the written authorization of the corporate.The losses thus inflicted on the creditor shall be dealt with according to Paragraph 2 of Article 5 under the Secured Interests Law.In a case of guarantee provided by a branch of a corporate with the written authorization of t

19、he corporate,the branch shall bear the guarantee responsibility for all the debts as agreed upon under the guarantee contract if the scope of the written authorization is unclear.The corporate shall bear civil responsibility if the property of the branch thereof is inadequate to bear the guarantee l

20、iabilities.In a case of invalid guarantee by a branch of a corporate that bears compensation responsibility,the compensation shall be made from the property under the management of the branch thereof.The case shall be dealt with according to Article 29 of the Secured Interests Law if the corporate i

21、s faulty.,企业法人的职能部门不得担任保证人。functional departments of enterprise legal persons cannot act as guarantors.第十八条企业法人的职能部门提供保证的,保证合同无效。债权人知道或者应当知道保证人为企业法人的职能部门的,因此造成的损失由债权人自行承担。债权人不知保证人为企业法人的职能部门,因此造成的损失,可以参照担保法第五条第二款的规定和第二十九条的规定处理。Judicial explanation Article 18 A guarantee contract shall be invalid if t

22、he guarantor is a functional department of a corporate.The creditor shall bear the responsibility for the losses thus inflicted if he knows or ought to know that the guarantor is a functional department of a corporate.If the creditor does not know that the guarantor is.a functional department of a c

23、orporate,the losses thus inflicted may be dealt with in reference to Paragraph 2 of Article 5 and Article 29 of the Secured Interests Law.,3 共同保证两个以上的民事主体担任同一债务保证人的保证行为种类:按份共同保证 连带共同保证Article 12 If one debt has more than two guarantors,the guarantors shall share their responsibility of guarantee in

24、accordance with the arrangements laid down in the guarantee contract.If there are no arrangements on the share of guarantee responsibility,the guarantors shall assume joint responsibility and the creditor can demand any one of the guarantors to pay the whole debt;and any of the guarantors has the ob

25、ligation to pay the total of the debt.The guarantor who has paid the debt has the right to seek compensations from the debtor,or demand other guarantors who have joint responsibility to pay their share.,按份共同保证是指两个以上的保证人按照约定的份额承担保证责任。两个以上保证人对同一债务同时或者分别提供保证时,各保证人与债权人没有约定保证份额的,应当认定为连带共同保证。连带共同保证的保证人不得以

26、其相互之间约定各自承担的份额对抗债权人。按份共同保证的保证人按照保证合同约定的保证份额承担保证责任后,在其履行保证责任的范围内对债务人行使追偿权。,连带共同保证是两个以上的保证人分别对全部债务承担保证责任的保证行为。在连带共同保证中,债务人在主合同规定的债务履行期届满没有履行债务的,债权人可以要求债务人履行债务,也可以要求任何一个保证人承担全部保证责任。连带共同保证的保证人承担保证责任后,向债务人不能追偿的部分,由各连带保证人按其内部约定的比例分担。没有约定的,平均分担。已经承担保证责任的保证人,有权向债务人追偿,或者要求承担连带责任的其他保证人清偿其应当承担的份额。,第十九条两个以上保证人对

27、同一债务同时或者分别提供保证时,各保证人与债权人没有约定保证份额的,应当认定为连带共同保证。连带共同保证的保证人以其相互之间约定各自承担的份额对抗债权人的,人民法院不予支持。Judicial explanation Article 19 Where there are two or more guarantors providing guarantee for one debt at the same time or on separate occasions,the guarantors shall be considered as undertaking joint guarantees

28、if they have no agreement with the creditor on the shares of guarantee.The peoples court shall not support guarantors with joint guarantee liabilities in countering the creditor on the excuse of the shares of guarantee as agreed upon between them.,Judicial explanation推荐案例:英贸公司诉天元公司保证合同追偿权纠纷案Article

29、20 Where the debtor has not fulfilled his or her obligations at the expiration of the debt period prescribed by the principal contract,the creditor may either demand the debtor perform his or her obligations or demand any of the guarantors bear full guarantee liabilities.第二十条连带共同保证的债务人在主合同规定的债务履行期届满

30、没有履行债务的,债权人可以要求债务人履行债务,也可以要求任何一个保证人承担全部保证责任。After the guarantors providing joint guarantees bear the guarantee liabilities,the portion of debt which the debtor is unable to repay shall be paid off by the guarantors according to the shares they have previously agreed upon.The portion shall be repaid

31、evenly if there has been no previous agreement.连带共同保证的保证人承担保证责任后,向债务人不能追偿的部分,由各连带保证人按其内部约定的比例分担。没有约定的,平均分担。,第二十一条按份共同保证的保证人按照保证合同约定的保证份额承担保证责任后,在其履行保证责任的范围内对债务人行使追偿权。Judicial explanationArticle 21 When the guarantors providing joint guarantees have borne the guarantee liabilities according to the sh

32、ares of guarantee as agreed upon under the guarantee contract,they may exercise their compensation recovery right on the debtor within the scope of their guarantee liabilities.,(三)保证合同和保证方式Guarantee Contract&Modes of Guarantee 1、保证合同 必须书面形式 A guarantor and the creditor shall enter into a written gua

33、rantee contract.,保证合同应当包括以下内容:被保证的主债权种类、数额;债务人履行债务的期限;保证的方式;(一般保证、连带责任保证)当事人对保证方式没有约定或者约定不明确的,按照连带责任保证承担保证责任。保证担保的范围;保证的期间;双方认为需要约定的其他事项。保证合同不完全具备前款规定内容的,可以补正。,注:A:第三人单方以书面形式向债权人出具担保书,债权人接受且未提出异议的,保证合同成立。B:主合同中虽然没有保证条款,但是,保证人在主合同上以保证人的身份签字或者盖章的,保证合同成立。(司法解释NO.22),2、保证方式:Modes of Guarantee 重点掌握 P150-

34、151一般保证ordinary guarantee和连带责任保证Joint responsibility guarantee,(二)保证方式 保证的方式有两种:一般保证与连带责任保证。1一般保证。指当事人在保证合同中约定,债务人不能履行债务时,由保证人承担保证责任。一般保证的保证人享有先诉抗辩权,即在主合同未经审判或者仲裁,并就债务人财产依法强制执行仍不能清偿债务前,一般保证的保证人对债权人可以拒绝承担保证责任,即享有先诉抗辩权。,但有下列情形之一的,保证人不得行使先诉抗辩权:(1)债务人住所变更,致使债权人要求其履行债务发生重大困难的,包括债务人下落不明、移居境外,且无财产可供执行;(2)人

35、民法院受理债务人破产案件,中止执行程序的;(3)保证人以书面形式放弃前款规定的权利的。,2连带责任保证。指当事人在保证合同中约定,保证人与债务人对债务承担连带责任。连带责任保证的债务人在主合同规定的债务履行期届满没有履行债务的,债权人可以要求债务人履行债务,也可以要求保证人在其保证范围内承担保证责任。如果当事人对保证方式没有约定或者约定不明确的,保证人按照连带责任保证承担保证责任。,Ordinary guarantee refers to the arrangement in the contract that the guarantor assumes guarantee responsib

36、ility when the debtor fails to pay the debt.Joint responsibility guarantee refers to the arrangements laid down in the guarantor contract that the guarantor and the debtor assume joint responsibility over the debts.,Article 20 A guarantor involved in either ordinary guarantee or joint responsibility

37、 guarantee has the right of counterplea.The guarantor still has the right to counterplea even if the debtor gives up the right to counterplea.The right to counterplea refers to the debtors right to counter creditors right to request according to statutory particulars of the matter,when the latter ex

38、ercises its creditors rights.,区别:一般保证享有先诉抗辩权。A guarantor under the arrangements of ordinary guarantee may refuse the creditors demand of assuming guarantee responsibilities before the principal contract undergoes judicial or arbitrary procedures and that the debtor remains incapable of paying the de

39、bt despite mandatory implementation against properties.,不得行使先诉抗辩权的情形A guarantor can not exercise the right laid down in the previous section in one of the following occasions:(1)the debtor changes its residence,resulting to major difficulty for the creditor to request the debtor to pay the debt(2)th

40、e implementation procedure is suspended when the peoples court accept and hear the debtors bankruptcy case(3)the guarantor gives up the responsibilities laid down in the previous paragraph through means of a written document,(四)保证责任Guarantee Responsibilities 1、保证范围 The range of guarantee 保证的范围包括主债权及

41、利息、违约金、损害赔偿金和实现债权的费用。保证合同另有约定的,按照约定。当事人对保证的范围没有约定或约定不明确的,保证人应当对全部债权承担责任。,2、保证期间the period of the guarantee掌握(1)概念保证期间,又称保证责任期间,是指当事人约定或者法律规定,债权人应当向债务人(在一般保证情况下)或者保证人(在连带保证情况下)主张权利的期间。债权人没有在该期间主张权利,则保证人不再承担责任。,(2)保证期间的确定。保证合同对保证期间有约定的,从其约定。但保证合同约定的保证期间早于或者等于主债务履行期限的,视为没有约定,保证期间为主债务履行期届满之日起6个月。保证合同约定保

42、证人承担保证责任直至主债务本息还清时为止等类似内容的,视为约定不明,保证期间为主债务履行期届满之日起2年。,保证合同对保证期间没有约定的,保证期间为主债务履行期届满之日起6个月。最高额保证合同对保证期间没有约定或者约定不明的,如最高额保证合同约定有保证人清偿债务期限的,保证期间为清偿期限届满之日起6个月。没有约定债务清偿期限的,保证期间自最高额保证终止之日或自债权人收到保证人终止保证合同的书面通知到达之日起6个月。,主合同对主债务履行期限没有约定或者约定不明的,保证期间自债权人要求债务人履行义务的宽限期届满之日起计算。债权人申报债权后在破产程序中未受清偿的部分,保证人仍应当承担保证责任。债权人

43、要求保证人承担保证责任的,应当在破产程序终结后6个月内提出。,(2)保证期间不因任何事由发生中断、中止、延长的法律后果。,(3)保证期间的法律效力。对一般保证而言,在保证人享有先诉抗辩权的情况下,在约定或法定的保证期间,债权人未对债务人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的,保证人免除保证责任;在保证人不享有先诉抗辩权的情况下,债权人在保证期间内未要求保证人承担保证责任,保证人免除保证责任。在连带保证中,在约定或法定的保证期间内,债权人未要求保证人承担保证责任的,保证人免除责任。,3、主合同转让对保证责任的影响保证期间,债权人依法将主债权转让给第三人,保证人在原保证范围内继续承担保证责任。保证合同另有约定的,

44、按照约定。,保证期间,债权人许可债务人转让债务的,应当取得保证人的书面同意。债权人许可债务人转让部分债务未经保证人书面同意的,保证人对未经其同意转让部分的债务,不再承担保证责任。但是,保证人仍应当对未转让部分的债务承担保证责任。保证人对未经其同意转让的债务,不再承担保证责任。,4、债权人与债务人协议变更主合同对保证责任的影响保证期间,债权人与债务人对主合同数量、价款、币种、利率等内容作了变动,未经保证人同意的,如果减轻债务人债务的,保证人仍应当对变更后的合同承担保证责任;如果加重债务人债务的,保证人对加重的部分不承担保证责任。,债权人与债务人对主合同履行期限作了变动,未经保证人书面同意的,保证

45、期间为原合同约定的或者法律规定的期间。债权人与债务人协议变动主合同内容,但并未实际履行的,保证人仍应当承担保证责任。,5、保证人的抗辩事由保证人的抗辩事由是指约定或法定的保证人可以拒绝债权人请求、不履行保证义务的事由。法定抗辩事由主要包括:(1)保证人享有债务人所享有的全部抗辩权,并不因债务人的放弃而丧失。(同时履行抗辩权、后履行抗辩权、先履行抗辩权(中止履行权)(2)主合同债务人或债权人采取欺诈、胁迫等手段,使保证人在违背真实意思的情况下提供保证的,债权人知道或者应当知道欺诈、胁迫事实的,或主合同当事人双方串通,骗取保证人提供保证的。,(3)新贷与旧贷不是同一保证人,主合同当事人双方协议以新

46、贷偿还旧贷的,除保证人知道或者应当知道的以外,保证人不承担民事责任。(4)债权人知道或者应当知道债务人破产,既未申报债权也未通知保证人,致使保证人不能预先行使追偿权的,保证人在该债权的破产程序中可能受偿的范围内免除保证责任。,6、保证与物权担保并存时的保证责任物权法第一百七十六条被担保的债权既有物的担保又有人的担保的,债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现担保物权的情形,债权人应当按照约定实现债权;没有约定或者约定不明确,债务人自己提供物的担保的,债权人应当先就该物的担保实现债权;第三人提供物的担保的,债权人可以就物的担保实现债权,也可以要求保证人承担保证责任。提供担保的第三人承担担保责

47、任后,有权向债务人追偿。,担保法解释No.38 同一债权既有保证又有物的担保的,物的担保合同被确认无效或者被撤销,或者担保物因不可抗力的原因灭失而没有代位物的,保证人仍应当按合同的约定或者法律的规定承担保证责任。债权人在主合同履行期届满后怠于行使担保物权,致使担保物的价值减少或者毁损、灭失的,视为债权人放弃部分或者全部物的担保。保证人在债权人放弃权利的范围内减轻或者免除保证责任。,(五)保证人的赔偿责任在保证法律关系中,保证人除应当依法承担保证责任外,在一些情况下虽然不承担保证责任,但可能承担赔偿责任。法定的赔偿责任包括以下几种情形:1.债务人与保证人共同欺骗债权人,订立主合同和保证合同的,债

48、权人可以请求人民法院予以撤销。因此给债权人造成损失的,由保证人与债务人承担连带赔偿责任。2保证合同中约定保证人代为履行非金钱债务的,如果保证人不能实际代为履行,对债权人因此造成的损失,保证人应当承担赔偿责任。3第三人向债权人保证监督支付专款专用的,在履行了监督支付专款专用的义务后,不再承担责任。未尽监督义务造成资金流失的,应当对流失的资金承担补充赔偿责任。,(六)保证人的追偿权保证人承担保证责任后,有权向债务人追偿。保证人承担了全部清偿责任或者超过自己的份额承担了清偿责任的,也有权在其他担保人应当承担的份额内向其他担保人追偿。保证人自行履行保证责任时,其实际清偿额大于主债权范围的,保证人只能在

49、主债权范围内对债务人行使追偿权。人民法院受理债务人破产案件后,债权人未申报债权的,各连带共同保证的保证人应当作为一个主体申报债权,预先行使追偿权。,案例一购房人拒不支付贷款 开发商被迫支付381万.doc案例含笑买车不还贷输官司 法院判决偿还本息56万元.doc,三、抵押MORTGAGE(一)概念和特征 抵押,为担保债务的履行,债务人或者第三人不转移财产的占有,将该财产抵押给债权人的,债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形,债权人有权就该财产优先受偿。债务人或第三人是抵押人,债权人是抵押权人,提供担保的财产是抵押物。The mortgage described in this

50、 law refers to the act of the debtor,or the third party,who,without transferring the ownership of the properties as listed in Article 34 of this law,sets those properties as guarantee to the creditors rights.When the debtor fails to pay the debt,the creditor has the right to get compensation,in acco

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