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1、English Stylistics&Rhetoric,Lan Yuanyuan,Style is the language habit of a person or the language habits shared by a group at one time;the old English,Lake poemsThe most prominent linguistic feature is the style of a writer or a discourse.,Style is the manners indicating prominent linguistic features
2、,devices or patterns,most(or least)frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language.,Stylistics,Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics.It applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style.It is the scientific study of linguistic features o
3、f different varieties of the English language at different linguistic levels.,What is the scope of Modern Stylistics?,1)General Stylistics General stylistics studies different varieties of language,for example,such varieties as news report,advertisements,science and technology,documents,2)Literary S
4、tylisticsLiterature Stylistics studies the styles of poetry,novels,dramas,etc.Literature Stylistics focuses on literary significance as well as linguistic choices in literary texts.It also studies the different styles of individual authors and their works,as well as period styles.This discipline is
5、not the main concern of this course.,3)Theoretical StylisticsTheoretical stylistics studies the theories,the origin,the trend,the historical development of stylistics,the characteristics of different branches of stylistics.It also studies the relationship between stylistics and other branches of lea
6、rning.This discipline is not the main concern of this course.,What is the theoretical basis of stylistic analysis?,General linguistics is the basis of English stylistics because stylistic analysis of English texts is achieved by using linguistic tools.（Linguistics is the scientific and systematic st
7、udy of language.General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.It probes into such question as“What do all languages have in common?”It studies language in general.）It studies language from these aspects:,Phonology-the study of speaking soundsMorphology-the study of the way words are formed
8、（lexicology）Syntax-the study of how words are arranged to form sentences.Semantics-the study of meaningPragmatics-the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to achieve successful communication.,Warm up1.What is the theoretical basis of General Stylistic analysis？2.From what linguistic lev
9、els do you analyze the stylistic features of an English text?3.Concerning the scope of stylistics,what are the three main areas it covers?How to define them respectively?What is the main concern of this course?,Lecture 2,Stylistic analysis of English poetry focus：the phonological level of linguistic
10、s.,Preliminary(preparatory)tools for stylistic analysis of poetry on the phonological level of linguistics.1.Sound patterns2.rhythm(stress of word,stress of sentences,types of foot,meter,rhyming scheme)词重音、句重音、音步、格律、韵律模式,Sound patterns,rhyme(尾韵)alliteration（首韵）assonance（腹韵）consonance（辅音韵）reversed rh
11、yme（倒韵）pararhyme（头尾韵）&foot（音步）,metre（韵律）,rhythm（节奏）,Alliteration(头韵):the occurrence of the same sound at the beginning of closely related words me-my pleasure-prove The sun sunk slowly.,Assonance（腹韵):the repeated use,in poetry,of a vowel in several words or parts of a word.back-cat feel-need-sleep b
12、egin-him-wing consonance（辅音韵）:Syllables ending with the same consonants are described as having consonance.add-read rain-tone,reversed rhyme(逆向韵)Reverse rhyme describes syllables sharing the vowel and initial consonant.with-will,Pararhyme(超韵律)Where two syllables have the same initial and final conso
13、nants,but different vowels,they pararhyme.came-come bad-bed,Rhyme（尾韵）：the use of same sounds(vowel/vowel+consonance)at the end of lines of poetry.face-grace greet-deceit she-he no-ho,Stress and syllables,Stress is used to create rhythm(rhythmical effect).,Word stress,monosyllabic word 2)double sylla
14、bic words:One syllable is said slightly louder,higher,longer than the other.(stressed syllable)3)polysyllabic words:,Stress and syllables of words,perform mirror walls unkind admirable persuasive cupboard gladiator blushed elevator university education economical Chinese study student,perform mirror
15、 walls unkind admirable persuasive cupboard gladiator blushed elevator university education economical Chinese study student,Word stress,Exercises:social society special speciality official sufficient suggestion organicoptimistic,Keys:social society special speciality official sufficient suggestion
16、organicoptimistic,Sentence stress,In English,nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs are called content words(open class words since new words can regularly be added to them)The other group such as conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns are called functional words(or closed class words since new wor
17、ds are not usually added to them.),Content words are often stressed in a sentence while functional words are not stressed.Sometimes one can put stress on the words which he thinks is the most important information.通常句子中重读和不重读的词在句中形成一强一弱，或一重一轻的节奏；每个重读音节间相隔的时间大致一致。,Exercise:Decide on the sentence stre
18、sses.Nancy works at a bank in town.Im so glad to see you again.There is a big,huge hole in the floor.I cant find my passport.Where can it be？Dont panic.Try to remember.I cant remember.,Keys:Nancy works at a bank in town.Im so glad to see you again.,There is a big,huge hole in the floor.I cant find m
19、y passport.,Where can it be？Dont panic.Try to remember.I cant remember！,Poetry&Prose,All writing can be roughly divided into two categories:prose and poetryProse is any written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure.It is concerned with telling people about things.poetry
20、is concerned with arousing attitude.Poems are written in short,parallel lines which have a pattern of beats and which often rhyme at the end of the lines.,poetry is a comprehensive term,which can be taken to cover any kind of metrical composition.Poems are about how people feel rather than how they
21、think.Poems are concerned with arousing attitude,feelings and emotion.,Poems are written in short,parallel lines which have a pattern of beats and which often rhyme at the end of the lines.,A poem is a piece of writing in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by particular at
22、tention to diction,rhyme,imagery.Oxford English Dictionary,Poem:A poem is a piece of writing in which the words are chosen for their beauty,sound,or imagery and carefully arranged,often in short lines which rhyme.Cobuild English Dictionary,The language of poetry is rhythmical,imaginative,symbolic,me
23、taphorical and beautiful.,verse,英诗有其特殊的1.语相（graphology）Lines of a poem are grouped into stanzas,and the way in which these lines are set or arranged on a page is the graphology of a poem.2.格律、韵律(格、音步、韵),Generally speaking,lines of a poem are centered in each line,with the first word of each line ali
24、gned on the left.E.g.,Wild Nights Wild Nights!Were I with thee Wild Nights should be Our luxury!Wild Nights Wild Nights!Were I with thee Wild Nights should be Our luxury!,Stanza（节）A stanza is a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem.,Graphologically（语相）,poems are regularl
25、y patterned.Most poems are arranged in short,parallel lines.But different stanzas have different number of lines:A couplet（对句体）contains 2-line stanzas;a triplet（三行诗）,3-line;a quatrain（四行诗）,4-line;an ottava rima（八行体）,8-line;a sonnet（十四行诗）,14-line;etc.,Graphological deviation can occur in any sub-area
26、 of graphology,such as the shape of the text,the type of printing,punctuation,indentation,etc.But there are variations in form:偏离，就是对常规的违反，是文体学中一个重要的研究内容。偏离分为多种形式。尤其是诗歌中运用了大量的偏离手法，以取得某种特殊的文学效果。本文以罗杰麦克高夫的诗四十岁爱情为例，分析其中语相偏离的运用，这种偏离为更好的展示中年时期的爱情增添了无限生动与形象感。,40 love Middle aged Couple playing Ten nis Whe
27、n the Game ends And they Go home The net Will still Be be Tween them,40 岁 的 爱 中 年 夫 妇 打 网 球 打 完 了 网 球 往 家 走 球 网 仍 在 两 人 间,当激情归于平淡 解读罗杰麦克高夫 四十岁的爱情中的语相偏离,诗就其目的来说,它不是传达信息和传授知识,而是传达诗人对生活进行审美观照时所产生的体验。诗人将这种体验化为新颍独特的意象,来激发欣赏者的审美情绪和深广久远的思索,从而更好地感知并理解他的周围世界。诗人就是通过某种意象来进行写景、言志、说理等。但无论采用何种形式,都是反映诗人生活、思想、情感,最终
28、达到与读者的共鸣。不同的时代,诗的风格,表现手法有所不同。英诗早期,有严格的韵体、节律,后来逐渐发展到无韵诗(blank verse),继而又发展到自由诗(free verse),诗体的自由度,大大加强。,有的诗人违反传统,把每一行诗的开头大写字母小写,甚至把一个单词分写多行,让读者有更直觉的感受。有人说,诗人与哲学家是亲戚,诗的语言是一种哲学,那么诗的语词形式也可以哲学化,以达到内容与形式的统一,或者说,美的内容需要美的形式来体现。所谓“美”就是真,是艺术的真与现实的真的和谐统一。英国诗人罗杰麦克高夫401 ove)一诗,把诗的内容与诗的形式和谐地统一起来。这首诗读起来是诗(通过一种意象反映
29、了诗人对不和谐婚姻的伤怀),看上去又是一幅画,是一场在两个不是竞争对手之间展开的网球赛。,What is the graphological feature of the following poem by an American poet-E.E.Cummings,l(a le af fa ll s)one l iness,格律,Stood the maize in all its beauty 扬抑格四音步,Conventional forms of verses,1.Couplet(偶句诗、对句)：It is two lines of poetry that rhyme with eac
30、h other and are the same length.aabbccdd2.Quatrain（四行诗）：a stanza of four lines having alternate rhyme.abab,3.Blank verse（无韵诗）:It consists of lines in iambic pentametre(抑扬五音步)which do not rhyme.4.Sonnet（十四行诗）：The basic form is fourteen lines,each of ten syllables,and usually in iambic pentametre.A va
31、riety of rhyming schemes are possible.(3 quatrains with alternating rhyming lines+a final rhyming couplet.),5.Free verse/verse libre(自由体诗：不受格律约束）Free verse uses little or no conventional rhyme or metre.It has been very popular in the 19th century.It is the poetry that does not rhyme or have a regula
32、r rhytm.（无韵无节奏）6.Limericks（五行打油诗）：a humorous five-line verse with a rhyme scheme aabba.,7.The blank verse(无韵诗/素体诗)Blank verse consists of unrhymed iambic pentameters.（抑扬格的五音步诗）,How is the poem structured?1.Line（诗行）:A line of a poem is a group of words that are printed or written in one row,or spoken
33、 together.2.Stanza（诗节）:a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem.(a verse:one of the parts into which a poem is divided),3.Layout（布局）/graphology（语相）：is the lines grouped into stanzas and the way in which they are set or arranged on a page;4.Numbers of lines;5.Regular metre
34、(格律):Which syllables carry stress?Are there an equal number of unstressed syllables between the stressed ones?How many feet(stressed syllables)in a line?,Comment on the type of foot and the number of feet per line or say that there is no regular metrical pattern(A poem can be written in free verse a
35、nd can occasionally use particular metrical patterns for emphasis,or onomatopoeic effect.)6.End rhyme(尾韵):plot the end rhyme，if there is any.,7.Sound patterning(语音模式)assonance(love-come)腹韵 consonance(will-all)辅韵 alliteration(me-my)头韵 pararhyme（live-love）头尾韵)reverse rhyme(with-will)倒韵 rhyme(wimp-limp
36、)韵8.Check for literal and figurative uses of language,interesting uses of syntax,punctuation,register,and for intertextual allusion.,Read the lines of poetry below.Try to identify any words which contain Alliteration AssonanceConsonanceReversed rhymePararhyme&rhyme,Come live with me and be my love A
37、nd we will all the pleasures prove,Come live with me and be my love And we will all the pleasures prove will-with?Reversed rhyme will-all?Consonance live-love?Pararhyme come-love?Assonance,Rhyming scheme,押韵模式练习,Rhyming scheme 韵律,Her eyes are wild,her head is bare,The sun has burnt her coal-black hai
38、r,Her eye-brows have a rusty stain,And she came from far over the main.,Of this worlds theatre,in which we stay,aMy love like the spectator idly sits bBeholding me that all the pageants play,aDisguising diversely my troubled wits.bSometimes I joy when glad occasion fits,bAnd mask to mirth like to a
39、comedy;cSoon after,when my joy to sorrow flits,b I wail and make my woes a tragedy.c,Yet she,beholding me with constant eye,Delights not in my mirth,nor rues my smart;But,when I laugh,she mocks,and when I cry,She laughs,and hardens evermore her heart.What then can move her?If nor mirth nor moon,She
40、is no woman,but a senseless stone.,Poetic forms of sound&metre are the basic language units which are used to write poetry.The first aspect of poetry we will be concerned with is sound patterning.The main forms of sound patterns are:alliteration,assonance,reversed rhyme,and consonant patterning.,The
41、 above sound patterns can either be used to form end rhymes or internal rhymes.When words rhyme at the end of the lines of a poem,it is end rhyme.When words rhyme within a single line,it is called internal rhyme.,The second aspect of poetry we will consider is the stress patterns of spoken English.S
42、tress is used to create rhythm(rhythmical effect).,Metre 韵律,What is meter?When stress is organized to form regular rhythms,the term used for it is metre.What is rhythm？Rhythm refers to the recurrence of sound.,What should you do to work out the metre of a poem?,Work out the number of syllables in a
43、line of a poem,Find out the stressed syllables,Work out the foot（音步）of a poemDecide on the types of metre,英语诗歌中的格律分析,T he rhythmic patterning of English verse is usually analyzed in terms of meter(韵律).And the analysis of meter of a poem consists of two steps:to examine the type of foot（音 步）it has;to
44、 see how many feet there are in a line.,Foot(音步):is a group of syllables forming a metrical unit,a unit of rhythm.It must contain at least one stressed syllable.Rhythm refers to any recurrence of motion or sound.In speech it is the natural rise and fall of language.Rhythm is reflected in foot and me
45、ter.meter：the number of feet in a line,Foot 音步,Foot is the unit of stressed and unstressed syllables which is repeated to form a rhythmic(metrical)pattern.The four main types of foot:Iamb（抑扬）Trochee(扬抑)Anapest(抑抑扬)Dactyl(扬抑抑),Iamb（抑扬）foot contains two syllables:an unstressed syllable followed by a s
46、tressed one e.g.1)And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss 2)In every cry of every man In every infants cry of fear 3)The chief defect of Henry King Was chewing little bits of string.,Trochee(扬抑)foot contains two syllables;the stressed syllable comes first.e.g.1)Peter Peter Pumpkin eater.2)Stood the ma
47、ize in all its beauty,Anapest(抑抑扬)foot contains three syllables;two unstressed syllables are followed with one stressed syllable.e.g.1)Without cause be he pleased,without cause be he cross;2)And the sheen（光泽）of their spear was like stars on the sea.,Dactyl(扬抑抑)foot contains three syllables;a stresse
48、d syllable is followed with two unstressed syllables e.g.1)Sing me a song of a lad that is gone 2）Take her up tenderly Lift her with care;3）One for the master,and one for the dame(夫人),The second step in analyzing the metre is to see how many feet there are in a line.Thus,we have:Monometer(单音步)Dimete
49、r（双）Trimeter（三）Tetrameter（四）Pentameter（五）Hexameter（六）Heptameter(七)Octameter（八）Nonameter（九）,Metrical Variation,The above is the basic metrical patterns.But if we try to work out the rhythm of a poem by rigidly applying a basic metrical pattern to it,we shall soon find it unnatural and seriously disto
50、rt the original meaning.,So we must take account the variation on the basic metrical pattern.For these variations have a strong communicative function and can create great aesthetic effect.Metrical variations include:leaving one foot without a strong stressputting two stresses in one footinverting a
