《《标点与文法》PPT课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《《标点与文法》PPT课件.ppt（67页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、标点符号的使用,Outline:,逗号句号分号问号冒号感叹号引号,省略号破折号连字符所有格圆括号大小写缩写/简写数字,英文标点与中文标点的区别,英文中的句号为句点“.”，省略号为三个句点“”；英文中没有顿号“、”和书名号“”；英文中有撇号“”而中文中没有。英文标点符号主要有以下四个方面的用途：表示连接，连接词或承接句子各部分。如连字符“-”、冒号“:”、破折号“”、撇号“”（表示所有格）；起封闭句子的作用。如破折号、逗号和引号，成对出现的圆括号、方括号；表示省略。如省略号、句号、撇号：Im，）；表示结束。如句号、问好和感叹号。,1.逗号(comma,),例：The results of the
2、 tests A、B and C are shown in Table 4.修改为：The results of the tests A,B and C are shown in Table 4.英文中没有顿号!例：Substituting these values for p,q,we obtain the following solution.修改为：Substituting these values for p and q,we obtain the following solution.当所提到的项目只有两项时，不能用逗号替代and.,1.逗号,(1)A comma goes befo
3、re and or or in a series of three or more:分隔平行并列（尤其是三个以上）的数字、单词、短语或从句。以并列连词（and、but、or、nor、for、so、yet）所连接的两个分句，并列连词前要加逗号。如：Air has weight,but it is very light.,逗号,This new building in our university will include many classrooms,a laboratory with complete testing equipment and offices.This new buildi
4、ng in our university will include many classrooms,a laboratory with complete testing equipment,and offices.,A title or a headline,for instance,functions as a signal and determines our approach to the ensuring text.Kerosene molecules,however,have longer carbon chains than gasoline molecules.The parti
5、cles in,for example,a gas move at range of speeds.The products,which were produced at high temperatures,were unstable.,(2)句中的插入语前后均要用逗号。一些在句子中间起引导作用的短语前后均要加逗号，如：for instance,together with,as well as,in addition to,that is,namely,for example,i.e.,e.g.,moreover,in contrast,indeed,finally等,Silver is a
6、conductor,which allows electrical current to flow easily.The material which allows electrical current to flow easily is called a conductor.The fact that things must move to do work is know to all.The boiling temperature,or boiling point,is the temperature at which a liquid boils under ordinary press
7、ure.This is an excellent paper,although I dont completely agree with the conclusions.We will accept this paper for publication if you make the following minor revision.,(3)非限定修饰（从句、短语）提供的只是补充的信息，省略后不会改变句子的基本意义，应该用逗号把句子的非限定修饰词分隔出来。而限定修饰语省略后,意义变化，因此不使用逗号。,(4)时间中的逗号,He arrived in Taiyuan on October 10,
8、2006,and began his study the next week.He arrived in Taiyuan on 10 October 2006,and began his study the next week.,(5)参考文献中的逗号,Separate superscript reference numbers by commas(but use a dash to indicate a range of numbers):“Recent studies of carrier-transport have revealed.6,7,9-11”,They have to dev
9、elop a rapid,inexpensive,efficient method.There is not the first direct numerical,method to be introduced.当多个并列形容词共同修饰一个名词，并且调换形容词的顺序不会影响句子的含义时，形容词之间要用逗号分隔；否则不能加逗号,(6)并列形容词间的逗号,(7)直接引语要用逗号引导,In the words of Pasteur,“Chance favors the prepared mind.”Pasteur said,“Chance favors the prepared mind.”,句号常
10、用于名字的缩写及缩写字的小写字母的后面 如：L.Feng et al.etc.Ms.由大写字母所构成的缩写字或机构组织名称 的缩写中句号可被省略。如：CPU WTO GDP,2.句号(period.),当句子是由带句号的缩写字完成时,不再加句号。如：Dr.Taylor is a member of the institute of physics,U.K.,句号后面要加空格。但(1)缩写字中间的内在句号不再加空格;(2)学位的缩写字母间不加空格。如：e.g.a.m.p.m.ph.DM.S.B.A.M.D.,句号在引号内？外？,一个避免出错的办法是总把句号放在引号内（美国用法）如：His pap
11、er is entitled“representative Operating Problems of Commercial Ground-Source Heat Pumps.”.,The Siberian tiger still has a good chance of survival.(In contrast,the south china tiger may already be doomed.)Several strategies for saving this tiger have beenadopted.句号内的句子是独立的句子，句号在括号内。The first of Hunts
12、 articles was published in 1974(the others were published soon after ward).Yamamotos work,on the other hand,was not published until five years later.括号内的句子是前句的一部分，句号在括号外。,句号在括号内？外？,3.分号(semicolon),当两个意义紧密相关（原因或对比）的句子间没有用并列连词（and、but、or、nor、for、so、yet）相连时，要用分号或句号，但绝不能用逗号。例：Some of these methods scan
13、the rows from top to bottom;others scan from right to left.The series of experiments could not be completed;without power it was impossible to run the spectrograph.换言之，若英语句子中只有逗号来连接两个独立分句，而缺少任何连接词，则这个英文句子在文法上是错误的。,改错：Assume that the wick thickness is small compared to the vapor space dimensions,then
14、 D1 and A1/A2 are well represented by Eqs.(E.8)and(E.9)方法一：逗号改句号“.Then”方法二：逗号改分号“;then”方法三：“,and then”方法四：将其中一个改成独立分句或从句(注意：then 为副词，而不是连接词),分隔由连接副词（also、consequently、furthermore、however、otherwise、then、therefore、thus）或转折性插入语（for example、in contrast、indeed、in fact、on the other hand）引导的独立子句。例：Resistor
15、 in series The current through the battery and each resistor is the same;however,the voltage across the battery is shared by the resistors.或：The current is the same.However,the,改错：Consider the circuit shown in Figure(3),then we can draw its Norton-equivalent circuit as shown in Figure(4).（诺顿等效电路）正1：
16、Figure(3).Then we can 正2：Figure(3);then we can,分隔一系列其中包含有逗号的单词、短语或数据 X-ray The longer,least penetrating wavelengths are called soft x-rays;the shorter,more penetrating one are hard.We thank Junhua Tang,Taiyuan University of Technology,for spectral data;Changxi Yang,Tsinghua University,for helpful di
17、scussions;and the National Science Foundation for financial support(Grant 888888).,4.问号问号与感叹号几乎不出现在正式的科技文章中。因为正式的科技论文常用间接疑问句，如：The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether the material would be harmful to human being.Another important problem is how to improve the reliability of the machin
18、e.,问号在引号中的位置：Can you explain to me why this pipe is called“heat pipe”?（问号标示整个句子）The professor asked me,“what dictionary have you？”（问号在引号之内，标示引号内的内容）,5.冒号(colon),当主句引导一个或多个从句，且从句是对主句的解释、说明、例举等内容时，主句后面要加冒号如：The experiment gave erroneous results:the equipment had not been properly calibrated.引导多个并列连词Th
19、is committee now includes the following people:the mayor,the chief of police,the fire chief,the chair of the town council,?His favorite breakfast cereals were:Rice Krispies,Cheerios,and Wheaties.?Her usual advice,I remember,was:Keep your head up as you push the ball up the court.不能用冒号分隔动词与受词，或前置词与受词
20、。,5.冒号,5.冒号,冒号用于把方程式和例子区隔开来，但冒号前面必须是完整的句子。例：The governing equation can be written as:正：The governing equation can be written as或：The governing equation can be written as follows:句子中such as,including后面不加冒号,5.冒号,信件称谓后面加冒号（英国习惯是加逗号）Dear Prof.Wang:表示时间如4:00 p.m(或4:00 PM)冒号引出词（语）的大小写问题：冒号引出的是单词或短语，引出的词首不
21、大写；冒号引出一个完整句子时，冒号后面的单词第一个字母可大写；冒号引出多个句子时，冒号后面的单词第一个字母总是大写。,6.感叹号感叹号用于感叹语句或表示感叹的陈述句后面，如：How fast light travels!不能用两个或两个以上的感叹号 What a high speed it is！,7.引号(quotation marks),(1)引号用于引导直接引语最常见的困惑是引号与其他标点符号的关系美式英语中，逗号和句号永远放在引号前面；冒号分号总放在引号后面。（而英国、加拿大等国的用法是：如果该标点符号是直接引语的一部分，则放在引号内；反之，放在引号外）如：My favorite po
22、em is Robert Frosts Design.（美语）My favorite poem is Robert Frosts Design.（英国等）,7.引号(quotation marks),(2)引号周围的标点符号取决于引号中的内容与句子的关系，试比较以下句子：The phrase“lovely,dark and deep”begins to suggest ominous overtones.My father always said,Be careful what you wish for.My mothers favorite quote was from Shakespear
23、e:This above all,to thine own self be true.I dont care,she said,what you think about it.I dont care,she said.What do you think?,7.引号(quotation marks),(3)单引号只出现在双引号之内。(4)用引号新定义的词只是第一次出现时加引号。如:The resonance is an extra tunneling channel,or window”in the barrier.Tunneling electrons with total energy E+
24、E,will always be able to see the window,but do not necessarily exit through it.(5)标准术语不用加引号。佳The nearest-neighbor distance taken from.不佳The nearest-neighbor distance taken from.(6)符号不加引号。如佳constants a and b are given by.不佳constants a and“b.,省略号是三个前后均有空格的句号句中的省略号要求省略号的前后是对等的标点符号或数学符号。正：where j=1,2,3,
25、.,n；误：where j=1,2,3.,n省略号在句未，几个点？数学符号前后有省略号时，将省略号提升至与数学符号同一高度，如：C(t1)=C(t2)=C(tn),8.省略号:,9.圆括号Parentheses,园括号用于在句子中插入一个非强调的说明、或标示数字或字母，表示句子中相对独立的成分其作用与句子中成对出现的逗号和成对出现的破折号作用相似如：The curve(figure 2)obeys the Beer-Lambert law.如果要表示强调，可用成对出现的破折号表示圆括号的用法要注意以下事项：圆括号的前后均应加空格例：When a sphere(or other object)m
26、oves though a fluid,or a fluid flows through a pipe,the flow is only streamline beneath a certain critical speed.,注意圆括号的完整性:In Eqs.(13),(l4),and(16)，not Eqs.(13,14,16)In Eqs.(3a)-(3c)，而不是：Eqs.(3a-c)In Figs.4(a)and 4(b)In Figs.2(a)-2(c)，而不是Figs.2(a-c)不能用于引用参考文献上，如:Scott et al.2而不是Scott et al.(2)In Re
27、f.5 In Ref.5而不是Ref.(5),列举时，排列的字母或数字用圆括号，如：The three remaining cases are(a)isotopic,(b)nearly elastic,and(c)polar optical scattering.总用圆括号来引用方程式或某图的一部分。如：In Eq.(13)，In Fig.4(a)用过圆括号后还需要引用，应用方括号如:Recall that the susceptibility see Eq.(A4)receives a Curie term.,9.圆括号Parentheses,用圆括号在一个句子中插入另一个句子时，句号放在圆
28、括号之外。如：This is clearly not the case(see Fig.2),so that our initial conjecture would appear to be correct(compare,however,with results of Jones at nonzero temperatures).当圆括号内是一个或两个独立的句子时，句号放在圆括号内，且首字大写。Equation(58)represents the effect of the magnetic anisotropy.(Note that T,was defined for zero fiel
29、d and zero magnetic anisotropy.A generalized definition for nonzero field is implied.),10 破折号(em dash和en dash),破折号分为长破折号（em dash）和短破折号(en dash)两种，长破折号的长度”“相当于英文大写字母”M”的宽度；而短破折号“”的长度相当于英文大写字母”N”的宽度。两种破折号在计算机键盘上均没有给出;连字符“-”则可用键盘直接输入长破折号的作用与冒号、分号和成对出现的逗号的功能一样在下面两种情况下用破折号替代一对逗号：(1)当插入语中存在其他标点符号时；(2)强调突然
30、的停顿或转折时。,长破折号,连接句子中的插入句，强调突然的停顿或转折如：Our new digital cameraas well as several other attraction advanced productis scheduled to be introduced in September.（句子中断）On November 14,1885a year and eight months after their sons death and eight months after Leland Stanford began his first term as a U.S.senato
31、rthe couple formalized their plans to found a university.（可有可无的同位语）由于破折号更强调戏剧性效果，因此在科技文献中较少使用可从下面的对话中体会破折号的含义How many times have I asked you not to Jasion suddenly stopped talking and looked out the window.Not to do what?I prompted.Not to Oh heck,I forget!,短破折号,(1)用于连接两个同等重要的术语如：temperaturetime curv
32、e（温度时间曲线）,BeerLambert law,BoseEinstein statisticsvaporliquid equilibrium（气液平衡）,(2)类似于“to”的作用。如：heightdepth ratio,costbenefit analysis,currentvoltage graph(3)表示由数字、时间、字母、页码等组成的期间，如参考文献中的页码范围Figure 14,pp.2336;35.737.6 m2;19992003,3040%;550 kg（注意：当数字有负数时，不能用短破折号）,连字符主要起连接作用，它可用电脑键盘上数字键一行的短横线“-”直接输入。(1)
33、用于连接前缀与单词构成复合词electro-optical，half-life，non-nuclear(2)连接被上下行分开的一个词的连续性(3)连接起修饰作用的复合词（复合词做名词）time-dependent reaction，thin-film results,high-frequency transition,root-mean-square,signal-to-noise ratio,low-temperature measurements,high-pressure experiments，light-induced drift,two-stage reactions，,11.连字
34、符 hyphen-,(4)连接数字2199间的十位数和个位数 twenty-six,sixty-eight,ninety-nine(5)用于表示分数。如 two-thirds,four-fifths,one-sixth,(6)出现两个相同字母，加连字符,如:non-negative,semi-infinite.例外：unnecessary,coordinate.(7)连接由数字、字母与名词（或形容词）组成的复合性修饰语。如：a 3-year-old child,a 10-woman team,6-keV data，three-dimensional diagrams,two-phase sys
35、tem,thirty-day period，x-ray analysis，t-test,X-band12-min exposure,a 5-g dose,4-mm-thick layer,11.连字符 hyphen-,以quasi-public-quasi-judicial body准公共准司法的机构注意，quasi-public与quasi-judicial各自都是带有连字号(hyphen)的复合词，它们由en dash连起来作定语修饰body。再看下面的例子：post-Civil War period 内战之后的时期New York-London flight 纽约伦敦航班,注意这两个例子
36、中，Civil War和New York都是复合词，但是没有连字号，叫做open compound，当这样的复合词与其他词组合时，用en dash连接而不用hyphen。使用时要注意以下两点：1.en dash前后不留空。2.en dash的长度介于em dash和hyphen两者之间，它们各有各的功能，切忌混用。,(8)当前缀或后缀加在两个或两个以上的词上时，之间用连字符:non-time-independent,quasi-free-electron,free-electron-like,(9)当词与“Self”,“free”,“half”连用时通常要加连字符。self-consisten
37、t,divergence-free,half-width,half-life(10)科学拼写的一个趋势是减少连字符。如原来的复合名词：buildup，cutoff，output，crossover，knockout，setup，cooperation，coordinate，infrared现在已作为一个词。类似地，诸如：t channel，particle，p type，function，x ray，s wave也取消之间的连字符,12.所有格,所有格有三种形式：(a)加“s”，(b)加“”，(c)加“s”。(1)单数名词、不定代词及字尾不是s的复数名词的所有格均为“s”。如：everyone
38、s suggestion,Louiss camera(2)字尾以s结尾的复数名词，仅在字尾加“”。如：The students homework(3)英文数字的复数形式通常只在字尾加s。in the 1980s=in the 1980s；an order for ten XJ-100s,【注意】,带词尾-s的单数名词，通常仍加-s：the bosss plan 老板的计划 the hostesss worry 女主人的担心 带词尾-s的人名，可加s 或只加省字撇()Dickens novels 狄更斯的小说 Charless job 查理斯的工作 不带词尾-s却以咝音结尾者，一律加-s：Mar
39、xs works 马克思的著作,(4)两人或多人的发现或发明，一般用复合名词。如：毕奥萨伐尔定律：the BiotSavart Law，the StefanBoltzmann law，the JouleThompso effect 焦耳汤普森效应。也可：Biot-Savarts Law(5)科学定律、理论或数学方程式中人名前无“the”时才用所有格。The Kelvin scale(开尔文温标)a Wheatstone bridge(惠斯通电桥)a Bursen burner(本生灯)Millikans experimentFaradays law of electromagnetic ind
40、uction,Archimedes principleYoungs modulusKirchoffs laws Newtons laws,Ohms law,Eulers equation,Boltzmanns constant,Bernouillis equation(6)分别拥有和共同拥有 I read Wang and Lius paper yesterday.I read Wangs and Hes paper yesterday,(7)英文字母斜体字及短语的复数通常用所有格符号表示，如 a series of xs and ys;six Ms and Ns in the matrix.
41、three yess and five nos 当所有格用于大写字母的复数形式时，可以省略所有格符号，如：five Ps 或 five Ps(8)在缩写名词中，如果有标点，用所有格表示其复数，如：Ph.D.sMs.s；如果缩写中没有标点，则直接加”s”。如：LCDs,five CCDs,two XJ100s,13.大小写Capitalization/lower case,句首第一个字母大写；当名词或形容词作专用名词时，第一个字母大写Gaussian，Hamiltonian，Ohmic月，星期，假日等大写。Valentines day专有名词大写，专有名称前面的职称，学位大写，如：Profess
42、or Xue,Q.K.Xue,Ph.D.,13.大小写Capitalization/lower case,科学定理，方程中的专有名词必须大写，但其后的普通名词不需大写：Avogadros number,Debye temperature,Bohr radius,Ohms law,13.大小写Capitalization/lower case,需要强调的一些名词词首可大写，如：Appendix A，Table 1，Theorem 1。但诸如：column 4，curve B，sample 1，model 4A，type 4A总是小写。破折号连接的两字符大写，而连字符连接时不能大写。如：“Stud
43、y of the TimeTemperature Dependence in Catalytic Reactions”,13.大小写Capitalization/lower case,对于缩写字符，如果是截调某个单词的一部分而写成的缩写，要小写；而由词首构成的词要大写。如：const(constant)MO(molecular orbital),BCS(BardeenCooperSchrieffer),“Wave Chaos in Real-World Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers”Studies of the Effects of Radia
44、tion on Polymer Materials“Spectroscopic Studies using Low-energy Photons”结论：大写标题中，多于五个字母的介词都要大写，如About,Before,Between等等,标题中介词的大小写,13.大小写Capitalization/lower case,注意：,小写的符号或缩写即使用在标题中也不大写；也不用在句首。例 ac Stark effects in the multiphoton ionization of atomic sodium were studied by Keynes et al.for.佳：Keynes
45、 et al.studied ac Stark effects.,(10)冒号后接一短语或一词时，第一个字母从不大写。如 We obtained values for two parameters:the quantum cyclotron radius and the Debye shielding radius.当冒号后接一完整的句子时，第一个字母可以大小写:例：We are led to the following conclusion:The fast electron mode represents an unloading of excess excitons formed dur
46、ing excitation.例：We are led to the following conclusion:the fast electron mode.当冒号后接几个句子时，第一个字母总是大写:例：Our experience with diamond suggests several conclusions bearing on future XPS studies:First,surface contamination can contribute substantially to the observed spectra.Second,available calculations
47、oft he density of states within a valence band are not directly useful for qualitative results.Third,.,(11)Equation,Figure等词用在数字前用缩写，如 Eq.,Fig.,Ref.,and Sec.（注意复数形式）:In Eq.(3)In Refs.6-8,In Figs.4 and 5，In Sec.但当以上单词用在句首时，要全写，不能缩写。如:Equation(3)represents.,14.缩写/简写,(1)一个单词的缩写用小写，如：av for average；cons
48、t for constant(2)短语的缩写通常用大写，如:MO for molecular orbitalBCS for Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer(3)不常用的缩写第一次使用时应说明。如:Two-photon resonant(TPR)third-harmonic generation has been reported in cesium,thallium,and strontium.In this paper we examine the special problems associated with TPR third-harmonic generation
49、 in metal vapors.,(4)简写后面通常加句号，如：Co.(Company)Prof.(Professor)Ref.(Reference)Fig.(Figure)et al.(et al/ii,et al/ia,Latin meaning and others)(5)代表国家和组织的缩写可不加句号，通常大写：USA EU CERN（European laboratory for particle physics,欧洲粒子物理研究所）(6)即使在摘要，图表中已定义过的缩写，在文中第一次出现时，必须重新定义。,15.数字Numbers,数字有两种表示法，用文字(词)表示；用阿拉伯数字
50、表示。(1)数字在10以下，通常用词表示:one equation third two-dimensional tenfold 表示10以上的数字，通常用阿拉伯数字:11 equations 13th 11-fold例：In 25 years of continuing development in chip-processing technology the number of transistors on the chip has at least doubled every two years.例：The department has received five applications
