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1、英 汉 语 言 的 对 比,第 三 章,第一节：英汉语言历史比较第二节：英汉语言本质比较第三节：英汉句子结构比较第四节：英汉词序比较第五节：英汉语态比较,第六节：英汉词汇系统比较第七节：英汉词类转化比较第八节：英汉词义比较第九节：英汉缩略语比较与 翻译第十节：英汉民族思维比较,第一节英汉语言历史比较,1、英语属于印欧语系 2、英语的历史起源于第五世纪中叶朱特人、撒克逊人及盎格鲁人的入侵，到现在已有1500多年的历史了。,1、汉语属于汉藏语系 2、汉语历史较英语历史长得很，汉语已有6000多年的历史了。,3、英语发展经历了三个时期：古英语时期（449-1100），中古英语时期（1100-1500
2、），现代英语时期（1500-现在）。4、英语是拼音文字。,3、汉字经历过许多变迁：甲骨文-金文-篆书-隶书-楷书：演变的总趋势是由繁到简，由单纯表意向部分表音方向发展。4、汉语是表意文字。,5、英语是欧洲语言中变化最大，词汇成分最复杂，词汇量最丰富的一种语言。6、牛津英语词典：40多万条。英国百科全书：超过50万个。,5、汉语是世界上最发达的语言之一。6、康熙字典：4.9万个字。汉语大字典：5.6万字。中文大辞典：40余万条。大汉和辞典：55万余条。,第二节 英汉语言本质比较,1、俄语是综合型语言：是指这种语言主要通过本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。2、英语是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言。,3
3、、汉语却是分析型为主的语言：指这种语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示。,政治学习 the study of politics学习政治 to study politics克服困难 to overcome difficulties,困难问题a difficult problem脱离危险to get out of danger非常危险exceedingly dangerous,1、I am writing a letter.2、I wrote a letter yesterday.3、I have written a letter.4、I shall wr
4、ite a letter tomorrow.,第三节英汉句子结构比较,创(一)英汉句子结构最主要区别在于英语重形合，汉语重意合(二)英语句子中，名词与介词占优势(三)汉语句子中，动词占优势(四)英汉句子重心比较(五)英语句子中，There+be结构与虚词it的结构用得比较广泛,形合：主要靠语言本身语法手段。意合：主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。,1、英语结构紧凑严密；2、英语句子好比一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一树荔枝。,1、汉语结构简练明快。2、汉语句子好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一江波涛。,The isolation of the rural world,because of distance
5、and the lack of transport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,译文：由于距离远，有缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。,Carlisle Street runs westward,across a great black bridge,down a hill and up again,by little shops and meat-markets,past single-storied homes,until suddenly
6、 it stops against a wide green lawn.,译文：卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。,Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.,译文；农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫
7、穷的困境。,晴雯先接出来，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天，快来给我写完了这些墨才算呢！”,Qing-wen greeted him with a smile,exclaiming,“A fine one you are!On the spur of the moment you bade me grind ink for you this morning.But you threw down your brush and went away after having written merely three characters.Youve ke
8、pt me waiting for you the whole day.You are to use up this ink now.Be quick!”,在复合句子中，英语的主句为主要部分，一般放在句首，即重心在前。而汉语则一般按照逻辑和时间顺序，将主要部分放在句尾，形成后中心。,Nothing has happened since we parted.自我们别后没发生什么事情。I went out for a walk after I had my dinner.晚饭后我出去散步。,He has to stay at home because he is ill.他病了只得呆在家里。He
9、cannot be operated upon as he is very weak.他身体很弱不能动手术。,Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。,His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had been getting from him.他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是知识，这是他最大的贡献。,The people of a sma
10、ll country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.,译文：小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。,It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I in
11、tended to pay to China in January.译文：我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。,他带学生到工厂去参观。He took his students to the factory for a visit.给我充分时间，我也能做好。Given enough time,I can do it too.,他拿本字典，开始准备功课。Taking a dictionary,he began to prepare his lessons.他们扛着锄头下地了。They left for the field,shouldering hoes.孩子们跑着来迎接
12、我们。The children came running to greet us.,谢谢你给我们这么多帮忙。Thank you for giving us so much help.一个人不向别人学习，是不能指望有多少成就的。A man who doesnt try to learn from others cant hope to achieve much.,在英语中，表示什么地点或存在什么事物时，常用“There+be+名词+地点（时间）状语”结构。这种结构中的引导词“there”，本身没有意义，常弱读，它相当于汉语的“有”。,这种结构中的谓语有时不用动词be，而用seem to be,h
13、appen to be,likely to be,bound to be等词组，或用live,come.,enter,run,stand,occur,lie等动词表示。,There was an English evening party in the hall last night.昨晚大厅举行英语晚会。There is a picture on the wall.墙上挂着一张画。,There runs a river at a distance.在远处有一条河流过。Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.从前海边一
14、个村子里住着个老渔民。,There happened to be none in the room.碰巧屋里没有人。It is difficult to translate the original adequately.准确地翻译原文是不容易的。,He feels it his duty to help others.他觉得帮助别人是他的责任。It was in the club that we met her.我们是在俱乐部遇到她的。,It is the wind shaking the window.是风刮得窗户作响。(Footsteps are heard)Oh,it is Li Mi
15、ng coming back.啊！是李明回来了。,第四节英汉词序比较,1、英语句中单词一般放在被修饰词的前面，短语和从句一般放在被修饰词的后面。汉语定语不管单词或词组一般都放在被修饰语的前面。,It is a red flag.The man you saw yesterday is his father.夜莺唱出了美妙的歌曲。穿灰大衣的那个人是我的哥哥。,2、英汉两种语言的状语位置差别很大。英语状语可前可后。汉语状语一般放在被修饰的动词或形容词前面。,He always keeps his promise.They walked along arm in arm.外面忽然传来喧闹声。这篇文章
16、非常深刻、动人。,第五节,英汉语态比较,截止日期延长三天。The deadline was extended for three days.信寄了吗？Has the letter been mailed?,附上新的通知及回信信封。A renewal notice and return envelope are enclosed for your convenience.,应该理解，犯错误是人之常情。It should be understood that to err is human.这辆车很好驾驶。This car handles easily.,饭吃过了。水烧开了。房间打扫干净了。衣服洗
17、好了。书买了。票卖完了。稿子才写完了一半。,The books sell well.These shirts wash well.This composition reads well.Water heats readily.,The door wont lock.Velvet feels smooth.She does not photograph well.Damp clothes iron easily.,The gate is opening.The cakes are baking.The cow was milking.,Oranges are selling cheaply.Dr
18、ums and gongs were beating.,（1）不用表示被动的词语；（2）不带施动者；（3）受动者多为物，间或也可以是人或动物；（4）主动形式而具被动意义。,第六节英汉词类系统比较,1、Nouns：表示人或事物名称 2、Verbs：表示动作或状态 3、Adjectives：表示人或事物的性质与特性,1、名词：表示人或事物名称 2、动词：表示动作、行为、发展变化3、形容词：表示人或事物的性质状态,4、Adverbs：用来修饰动词、形容词表示动作状态的特征或程度 5、Pronoun：代替名词、数词,4、副词：用来修饰限制动词、形容词、表示程度、时间、频率 5、代词：代替一切实词或表指
19、代作用,6、Prepositions：用在名、代词后面组成介词短语，说明它与别的词之间的关系,6、介词：用在名、代词之后，组成介词结构，表示处所、时间、方向、方式等,7、Conjunctions：连接词、短语或句子8、Interjections：表示说话的感情或语气,7、连词：连接词、词组或句子 8、感叹词：表示感叹或呼唤应答的词,9、Articles：用在名词前面，帮助说明名词的含义,9、冠词：（汉语无冠词）10、语气词：表示各种语气 11、量词：表示事物和动作的单位,第七节英汉词类转化比较,You can happy your friend,malice or foot your enem
20、y,or fall an axe on his neck.,Who chaired the meeting?It can seat a thousand people.We should shoulder these responsibilities.,I hope we can room together.They breakfasted at the guesthouse.,名词 动词eye to eye nose to nose lip to lipbeard to beard,brain to brain jaw to jaw arm to armelbow to elbowhand
21、to hand,thumb to thumbskin to skinstomach to stomach limb to limb knee to knee foot to footmouth to mouth,worm to worm into ones confidencedog to dog a persons footstepsfish to fish out,fox to foxape to apemouse to mouse wolf to wolf,father to fathermother to mother floor to floorsummer to summerbot
22、tle to bottle Corner to corner,round to round sour to sourwet to wet narrow to narrow dry to drybare to barebrave to brave,第八节英汉词义比较,(一）词的多义性,1、英语句子结构重形合，重主谓关系。2、英语词义比较灵活，词的涵义范围比较广，词义对上下文的依赖性较大。,1、汉语句子结构却重意合，重意念。2、汉语词义比较严谨，词的含义范围比较窄，词义对上下文的依赖性比较小。,1.Oh,what a story!2.To make a long story short.3.It
23、is another story now.4.He storied about his academic career and his professional career.,5.Once the story got abroad,I would never hear the last of it.6.I dont buy your story.7.Stories circulated first in Moscow.,8.I have tried all I could do to silence such a story.9.Her story is one of the saddest
24、.10.Johns tale sounded to me exactly like a fish story.,11.The story about him became smaller and faded from the public eye by and by.12.I dont want to get a wrong idea of me from all these stories you hear.13.You put me on the spot.I have to cook up a story this time.,14.A young man came to the pol
25、ice office with a story.15.It was reported that the general was dead,but officials refused to confirm the story.,1.He killed the man.2.He killed the dog.3.They killed the proposal.4.Please kill the engine.5、He is dressed to kill.,6.You are killing me.7.She kills her child with kindness.8.He took a s
26、nack to kill her hunger.9.He killed time every day at the park.,10.He killed the motion when it came from the committee.11.He killed himself with overwork.12.He killed the spirit of the group.,13.The news killed their hope.14.These flowers kill easily.15.He killed three bottles of whiskey in a week.
27、,kill ones appetitekill time kill the peacekill the mood kill a marriage,（二）抽象与具体,1、英语表达比较抽象。,1、汉语表达比较具体。,2、英语句子中，大量使用抽象名词。这类名词涵义抽象笼统，往往给人以一种“虚”、“暗”、“曲”、“隐”的感觉，,2、汉语用语倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达暗的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容，并给人以一种“实”、“明”、“直”、“显”的感觉。,-ness illness-ion discussion-ship friendship-hood childhood-dom freedom,-
28、th truth-al refusal-ment movement-ing building,He is at it again.He is no in it.We talked on over fresh tea.If your mother sees your torn trousers,youll be in for it.,1用动词取代抽象词义He was always an unwelcome intruder.他经常冒冒失失地闯进人家的家里。Their refusal to attend the conference embarrassed the chairman.他们拒绝参加会
29、议，这使主席很为难。,He can see beyond the simple happenings to their farthest implications.他能透过简单的事件看到其最深远的含义。They went on across the desert and into China.他们越过沙漠，然后到达中国。,2用形象性词使抽象意义具体化Our appeal remained a dead letter.我们呼吁犹如石沉大海。It is a near miss.这真是九死一生。,She talked to him with brutal frankness.她对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，
30、却是忠言。He wondered whether his outspokenness might be a。to his friend.他怀疑自己那么心直口快，会否使他朋友背上思想包袱。,3用增加词汇手段使抽象意义明白a rewarding book 一本值得一读的书passing joy 昙花一现的欢乐loving glances 含情脉脉的顾盼,a demanding job 一件要求很高的工作morning briefings 上午新闻发布会a hitchhiking trip 一路搭顺风车的旅行,vanity surgery 注重美容而进行的外科手术fault-finding 吹毛求疵
31、的做法ideas behind the times 不合时代潮流的思想,to read between the lines 从字里行间去领会其意something beyond a joke 不是开我的玩笑to my liking 符合我的喜欢,（一）英汉构词法比较1英语词的构成（1）派生a.前缀都表示一定的意义,前缀 含义 例词及词义dis-表示否定 appear disappear un-happy unhappy in-formal informalim-polite impolite,re-再、重 write rewritemis-错误 spell misspell en-使成为 ri
32、ch enrichself-自动的 locking self-locking,b.后缀一般改变词义，而不是改变基本意义。后缀 用法 例词及词义-er 加在动词后表示 read reader-or 从事某种职业或 act actor,-tion 用来构成抽象 object objection-ment treat treatment-ness ill illness-ship hard hardship,用于构成形容词-al music musical-an Italy Italian-ern west western,-ful use useful-able move moveable-ish
33、 fool foolish-ly month monthly-ive act active-y wind windy,反义形容词-less help helpless构成动词-en deep deepen-fy simple simplify-ize modern modernize,用于构成副词-ly wide widely simple simply,（1）合成a.合成名词例：dust+bindustbin 垃圾箱sun+lightsunlight 阳光,b.合成形容词world+wideworldwide 全世界的man+mademan-made 人造的good+lookinggood-
34、looking 好看的white+hairedwhite-haired 白发的,c.合成动词safe+guardsafeguard 保卫white+washwhitewash 粉刷,（3）转化calm(adj.)平静的 calm(n.)使平静good(adj.)好的 good(n.)益处water(n.)水 water(v.)浇水,（4）其他一些次要构词法a.改变读音use/ju:z/v.用 use/ju:s/n.用处contest/k ntest/v.比赛 contest/k ntest/n.比赛permit/p mit/v.许可 permit/p:mit/n.许可证,close/kl uz
35、/v关 close/kl us/adj.近的record/rik:d/v记录 record/rek:d/唱片refuse/rifju:z/v.拒绝 refuse/refju:s/n.垃圾,b.改变词尾advice(n.)劝告 advise(v.)劝告belief(n.)信任 believe(v.)相信relief(n.)救济 relieve(v.)救济,c.改变字母blood(n.)血 bleed(v.)流血food(n.)食物 feed(v.)喂，养gold(n.)黄金 gild(v.)镀金speech(n.)演辞 speak(v.)说话tale(n.)故事 tell(v.)告诉,1汉语词的
36、构成汉语构词法主要有以下几种形式：（1）派生a.加前缀老师 老王 小张 阿爸b.加后缀记者 读者 作家 我们 同学们,（2）合成书+架-书架 书+包-书包操+场-操场 寝+室-寝室（3）转化工作（动词）-工作（名词）朗读（动词）-朗读（名词）,（4）重叠天天 年年 家家 家家户户 吹吹拍拍,3、英汉构词法差异比较,1、英语主要构词法有派生、转化和合成三种。2、英语派生可用于名词、动词、形容词；,1、汉语主要有派生、转化、合成、重叠四种。2、汉语派生只用于名词。,workworkersimplesimplifycarecarefulcarefulcarefully老同学 阿妈 记者 书法家,（3
37、）重叠是汉语主要构词法之一，英语则无重叠法。热热闹闹 哆哆嗦嗦 高高兴兴 清清楚楚,第九节英汉缩略语比较与翻译,（一）英语缩略语Economy!Comfort!Efficiency!Everything!,1合并Interpol(international+police)Heliport(helicopter+airport),2缩写laser(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)radar(radio detecting and ranging)UFO(unidentified flying object)MP(me
38、mber of parliament),3截短（1）截去词尾 lab(laboratory)tech(technique)hi-tech(high technology),（2）截去中间maths(mathematics)rept（简写）(report)（3）截去头部phone(telephone)bus(omnibus),（4）头尾部各截去一部分flu(influenza)fridge(refrigerator),（二）汉语缩略词1形式（1）并列式资财（资金、财产）研制（研究、制造）,（2）动宾式集资（筹集资金）投产（投入生产）（3）偏正式全会（全体会议）地铁（地下铁路）,2句法作用。缩略语
39、可作名词、动词和形容词。（1）名词：中国女排 三条地铁（2）形容词：亚太地区 高精尖产品（3）谓语：轮训工人全歼敌人,3句法作用。缩略语可作名词、动词和形容词。（1）用数字加以概括：两伊（伊朗、伊拉克）四美（心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美）,（2）先抽取几个词的特指部分，再加上它们的共同部分：指战员（指挥员、战斗员）农牧民（农民、牧民）（3）每个词抽一个字：亚非拉（亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲）深港台（深圳、香港、台湾）,（4）汉语缩略语缩略的原则a.语义明确者可：民盟（中国民主同盟）b.语义不明确者不可：如把工业和交通系统缩略为“工交”不好；把公共交通缩略为“公交”更不好。,（三）缩略词的翻译1按半
40、简化词翻译lasercon(laser converter)激光转换器telstar(television star)电视卫星2按全简化词翻译mobot(mobile robot)活动机器人infranics(infrared electronics)红外线电子学,3按音翻译Dopplar多普勒系统（测定导弹弹道的多普勒系统）Optophone奥波第风（供盲人阅读用的辨光器）4按原词意翻译GSV(guided space vehicle)有制导的宇宙飞船RATO(rocket-assisted take-off)火箭辅助起飞,第十节英汉民族思维比较,（一）西方人重形式论证，崇尚个体思维，重分析
41、。表现在语言中，重形合，不求全面、周到，但求结构上的严谨。,（一）汉民族重悟性，重整体抽象、重综合。在语言表达上重意合。英语重形合，正反映了英汉民族与文化思维特征。,我买了六支刚笔，（这六支刚笔）一共三十元，（我）拿回家一看，都是用过的了。I bought six pens which cost me thirty yuan.When I took them back home,I found they were second-hand.,“不坚持，就会失败。”One will fail unless one perseveres.Keep on,or well fail.If you don
42、t hold on,you will fail.,“他来了，我走。”If he comes,I will go.Since he comes,I will go.When he comes,I will go.As he has come,I must go now.,搞得我心乱如麻。It made me upset.热得我浑身大汗。The heat makes me sweat.,只见她一身珠光宝气，綽约宜人。She showed up in a graceful manner,gleaming with jewelry.任凭风浪起，稳坐钓鱼船。You can sit tight in th
43、e fishing boat despite the rising wind and waves.,黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。Pitch dark,I dont know whether it is a day or night.,袭人道：“一百年还记着呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”（红楼梦）“Ill remember if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma.“Im not like you,letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting wha
44、ts said at night by the next morning.”,His passion carried him astray.他因感情冲动而误入歧途。Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.我发一阵怒后，并不难过，也不后悔。,Memories of that historic and happy occasion still linger.人们对那次历史性的盛会记忆犹新。An idea suddenly struck him.他突然想起一个主意。,The sight of the orphan alway
45、s reminds me of the parents.我看到这孤儿就会想起他的父母。The most notable is the further willingness of people to speak their minds.人们更愿意畅所欲言，这是最值得注意的。,Her illness kept her in hospital four weeks.她因病在医院住了四个星期。Simplicity of language demands,in the first place,that the texts should be colloquial rather than literar
46、y,that they should be written in short sentences,not in long and complicated clauses.,要使语言简洁，首先，文章与其用书面体，不如用口语体；应当用短句，而不用长的复合句。,The case in which the patient is running high fever and suffering from continuous convulsion has got into grave danger indeed.His case is really serious,as he is suffering from high fever and continuous convulsion.病人发高烧，有抽搐不已，的确很危险。,
