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1、A Functional Typology of Translations（1997）,The Fundamental Drawbacks of the Equivalence Model,1.Focuses on mainly structural qualities of the ST,losing the intrinsic interrelationship between extratextual and intratextual factors of communicative interaction out of sight.主要关注原文的结构，忽视了文外因素和文内因素本质上的交
2、流互动。2.It doesnt take cultural aspects into sufficiently consideration.文化因素没能得到充分考虑。3.Lacks consistency缺乏一致性。,4.The transfer standards are different or even contradictory.翻译标准不一致，甚至相互矛盾5.It doesnt account for culture-specific differences in translational concepts.没有解释出文化类型的不同点 6.Excludes target-langu
3、age text which do not satisfy the criterion of equivalence.对等模式将那些不满足对等标准的目的语文本排除在外 7.The source text and its value are considered to be the one and only standard.把源语文本和其价值视为唯一的标准,Functionalism Plus Loyalty as an Alternative Model,Since obviously the equivalence model is not adequate to the needs of
4、 professional translation in a modern society,here are what we need for an alternative:既然对等理论不足以满足现代社会职业翻译的需要，以下是几种替代模式：,1.a pragmatic model语用模式2.a cultural-oriented model文化导向模式3.a consistent model一致模式4.a comprehensive model综合模式5.an anti-universalist model反普遍主义模式6.a practical model实践模式7.an expert mo
5、del专家模式,The Skopos Model目的论,One of the main factors in the skopos of a communicative activity is the receiver or addressee with the their specific communicative needs.目的论的主要因素是带着不同交际需求的接受者或听话人 This applies both to ST and TT.对源语文本和译语文本都适用The focus is shifted from ST to TT and its communicative functi
6、on or functions.关注点从源语转移到译语和译语的功能,Characteristics,This model is pragmatic in that it takes target-orientation seriously and even makes the target receiver the most important determinant of translational decisions.这个理论是务实的，因为它认真对待译文读者，并且将其作为决定译文好坏的最重要决定者。This model is consistent because it permits an
7、y translation procedures which will lead to a functional TT.这个理论是一致的，因为它容许任何功能性的翻译。,This model is comprehensive because target function is considered to be the main standard for any translation process.这个理论可以理解，因为它把目的功能作为主要的翻译准则。This model is practical because it can be applied to any assignment occ
8、urring in professional translation practice.这个理论是实用的，因为它可以应用于任何职业翻译任务。This model gives due consideration to the role of the translator as an expert.这个理论给了译者应有的专家地位。,Functionality Plus Loyalty,Two Reservations to the Skopos Model by Nord.诺德对于目的论有两个保留意见：a.culture-specificity of translational model翻译模式
9、的文化特殊性b.relationship between the translator and the ST author.译者和原文作者的关系问题。for a,translator should meditate between the two cultures译者应该作为两种文化的中介for b,author and translator are equivalent作者和译者地位等同，译者应忠实于作者,The Notion of Function功能的概念,A Model of Basic Text Functions文本的几种功能 1.referential function指示功能
10、2.expressive function表情功能 3.appellative function呼唤功能 4.phatic function寒暄功能,A Functional Typology of Translations,documentary translationWord-for-word translation逐字对译Literal translation字面翻译philological translation注释翻译exoticizing translation异域翻译,instrumental translationEquifunctional translation等功能翻译H
11、eterofunctional translation异功能翻译Homologous translation类体裁翻译,The Limits of Translation,Copying or merely transliterating a text or text part cannot be called translating;nor can wen accept as a translation any rendering which does not respect the principle of loyalty.Example 12 Cuba,Planning the Tran
12、slation Process,Translation brief(1)the senders intentions(2)the addressee(3)the prospective time and place of text reception(4)the medium over which the text will be transmitted(5)the motive for text production or reception,Source-text Analysis and Translation Strategy,extratextual factor文外因素intrat
13、extual factor 文内因素文外因素涉及信息发送者及其意图、接受者、媒介/渠道、交际地点、交际时间、交际动机、文本功能、互文因素等；文内因素包含了从词、句、段落到内容主题等方面。,Categorizing Translation Problems,(a)pragmatic translation problem(b)intercultural translation problem(c)interlingual translation problem(d)text-specific translation problem,A Functional Herarchy of Translation Problems,bottom-topstage1-structuresstage2-conventionsstage3-pragmatics(drawbacks)top-bottom,THANK YOU,
