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1、Exercise,Correct the following sentences:1.It was raining hard,they could not work in the fields.2.I was born in a small town,in the town there was only one school,I studies there for 6 years.3.The essay is poorly organized,there is no central idea.4.There were people who could be glad to see him le
2、ave the place,he knew it.5.The principal of the school may do something to reduce the pupils homework load,he may,for example,stop assigning homework for Saturday and Sunday.,1.It was raining hard;they could not work in the fields.It was raining hard.They could not work in the fields.It was raining
3、so hard that they could not work in the fields.They could not work in the fields because It was raining hard.It was raining hard so they could not work in the fields.As it was raining hard,they could not work in the fields.,2.I was born in a small town.In it there was only one school.I studied there
4、 for 6 years.,in the small town where I was born,there wasonly one school,and I studied there for 6 years.,I was born in a small town,where there was only one school.I studied there for 6 years.,I studied for 6 years at the only school in the small town where I was born,3.The essay is poorly organiz
5、ed:there is no central idea.The essay is poorly organized;there is no central idea.,4.There were people who would be glad to see him leave the place and he knew it.,There were people who would be glad to see him leave the place and he knew it.,5.The principal of the school may do something to reduce
6、 the pupils homework load he may,for example,stop assigning homework for Saturday and Sunday.,第二节 简单句的演变,简单句的演变,一 简单句变并列句并列句的基本结构是：“简单句并列连词简单句，常见的并列连词有：And,but,or(else),not only but also,neither nor,for 等，连接副词有then,therefore,however,otherwise,yet,still,等。E.g.我们的人口在增长，因此我们需要更多的食物。We have a growing po
7、pulation,therefore we need more food.他们不仅抢夺你的财物，而且还把每样东西都捣毁。Not only do they rob you,but also they smash everything too.,并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行的关系，除了用连词或者副词，还可以用分号，即“简单句；简单句”.F偶然example：Heavy clouds rose slowly from the horizon;thunder drummed in the distance.He knocked at the door again and
8、 again;there was no answer.,二 简单句变复合句,所谓复合句，就是用句子替代简单句中的单词。当我们要表达复杂意思时，就可以用句子来代替简单句中的单词，如果替代的是名词，就叫名词从句，名词从句又分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句，如果替代的是一个做定语的形容词，那么该句子就是一个定语从句；如果它替代的是状语，则叫状语从句。For example:Whether he comes himself or sends a substitute is immaterial to me.I forgot to post the letter which I wrote
9、yesterday.We met where the road crossed.,复合句的构成图,复合句,主句,从句,连接词,简单句,名词从句,很明显，她们确实是亲姐妹，他们的脸型很相似。That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.问题是我们能找谁去替换她。The problem is who we can get to replace her.鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。We decided,in view of his special circumsta
10、nces,that we would admit him for a probationary period.他们到处散布谣言说汤姆犯有盗窃罪。They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.,月球本身不发光这是常识。It is common knowledge that the moon itself does not give off light.你没有通过这考试真遗憾。It is a pity that you did not pass the test.他不懂英语，这很显然。That he doesnt under
11、stand English is obvious.,定语从句,1.北京曾是八百多年的中国首都，有很丰富的历史文物。Beijing,which was Chinas capital for more than 800 years,is rich in cultural and historical relics.2.人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which)attitudes towards night dr
12、eaming have changed.3.我出于某种 原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。I like the music for the very reason that(for which)he dislikes it.4.他是个在胜利时宽宏大度的领袖。He is a leader who is magnanimous in victory.5.她穿着和她妹妹一样的裙子。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.,定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词,先行词：被定语从句所修饰或限制的对象关系词：重复指代先行词，起连接主句和从句的作
13、用并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连词。关系词有三个作用：代词作用：重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分。连接作用：连接主句和从句的作用在从句中作成分的作用：即在从句中作主语，宾语等成分,礼物并不是价格越贵越好，我倒希望收到的礼物是很别致的，或是我知道朋友为我精心准备的，而不是花费很多却不是我所想要的或需要的。我希望的是能够让我开心，让我回味过去的时光，或是适合我口味的礼物，而不是价格不菲，看完之后随手就扔到储藏室，抛到脑后的礼物。,Greater expense does not always equal better gift.I would much rather receive a
14、 gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into,rather than something that cost a lot of money but I didnt need or want.I would much rather receive something that made me laugh,made me reminisce,or fit my personality,than something that cost a lot but I will just throw in my
15、 closet and forget about.,定语从句和同位语从句的区别,同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即 说明它前面名词的内容，它与前面的名词在句中做同一个成分，是平行关系；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，即限定它前面的名词的范围或是补充一些情况。For example:The news that I have passed the exam is true.The news that he told me just now is true.The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many
16、 people.The idea that he gave surprises many people.,状语从句,在一个句子中，如果状语是一个完整的句子，这个句子就叫状语从句。状语从句是一个由连词引导的句子。状语从句根据其用途可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，程度状语从句，目的状语从句，条件状语从句，让步状语从句，方式状语从句九种。,状语从句的省略,状语从句的省略原则是：如果从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致，就可以把状语从句中的主语省略，从句中如果有be动词，则将 be动词省略；如果从句中没有be动词，则将从句中的谓语改成现在分词形式。For example:a.M
17、etals expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.b.When he was a student in the university,he read a lot.When a student in the university,he read a lot.c.When you arrive,send me a telegram.When arriving,send me a telegram.,注：有些由 i
18、f 构成的省略结构，已属固定短语，如if any,if necessary,if possible,if not,if so.E.g.a.There are few,if any,mistakes in that book.b.If necessary,ring me at home.c.If possible,I wish to go there next summer.d.He may be busy,if so,Ill call later.If not,can I see him tomorrow.,三简单句变并列复合句,并列句就是有简单句+并列连词（或连接副词）+简单句，如果该结构中
19、的简单句是一个或多个复合句，那么这样的句子就叫并列复合句。For example:The policeman looked at me suspiciously,and he asked me what I wanted.While the men worked to strengthen the dam,the rain continued to fall;and the river,which was already well above its normal level,rose higher and higher.,用简单句并列句或复合句翻译下列句子,1.今天,有些批评家称环境治理问题
20、上的进展一直令人难以捉摸.这种说法有一些道理,因为在过去的10 年里,全球环境问题增多了.译文Today,some critics argue that progress on environmental problems has been elusive.There is some truth in that,because in the last decade,environmental problems have mounted across the globe.不过,在这同一个10年里,国际社会已经调整其资源来应对这些挑战.最初的反应很慢,但随着技术的重大进展以及人们日渐醒悟到洁净的环
21、境对发展至关重大,反应速度在加快.译文 Yet over the same 10 years,society has marshaled its resources to address these challenges.The original response was slow,but it is gathering speed,with technological breakthroughs and a growing awareness that a clean environment is essential for development.,留学对于年轻人来说具有很大的吸引力。留学
22、的确是一种崭新的经历，给我们提供发现新事物的机会。但是我们也必须对可能回面临的问题有所思想准备。由于社会制度、信仰、价值观以及生活方式的不同，我们可能会受到文化震荡的困扰，难以适应新的环境。,Studying abroad appeals to the young a lot.It is a new experience which provides us with the opportunity to find new things.But we must be ready to face the possible problems.Because of the differences in
23、 social systems,beliefs,values and life styles,we may be troubled by culture shock,and have difficulty in adjusting to the new environment.,Examine the following examples:,To Americans,industrious,thrift,and ambition are positive values.We encourage our children to be competitive,to get ahead,to mak
24、e money,to acquire possessions.In games and in business alike the aim is to win the game,the trophy,the contract.We got in for labor-saving devices,gadgets,speed,and short-cuts.We think every young couple should set up a home of their own,and we pity the couple who must share their home with a paren
25、t,let alone with other relatives.,Actually,of course,not all Americans hold all these values,and those who do may hold other,and at times contradictory,values that affect their ways of behaving.In the main,however,the collective expectation of our society is that these are desirable goals,and the individual,whatever his personal inclination,is under considerable pressure to conform.,评：文章里用了各种句式，有简单句，复杂句，并列复合句，复合句等。段的简单句通常用来表达重要的或须强调的意义。长的复杂句能使复杂意义得到准确而清晰的表述。,
