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1、1,常见化学元素,2,第 1 号元素:氢，H，Hydrogen haidrEudVEn,Discovered:by Henry Cavendish in 1766Isolated in London,UKOrigin:The name is derived from the Greek hydro genes,meaning water forming.,第 2 号元素:氦，He，Helium hi:ljm,-lim Discovered:1817 by J.A.R.Arfvedson Isolated in Stockholm,Sweden Origin:The name is derive
2、d from the Greek helios.,Helios5hi:liCs.【希神】赫利俄斯(太阳神),3,第 3 号元素:锂，Li，Lithium 5liWiEm Discovered:1817 by J.A.R.Arfvedson Isolated in Stockholm,Sweden Origin:From the Greek lithos meaning stone.,第 4 号元素:铍,Be,Beryllium bE5riljEmDiscovered:by N.L.Vauquelin in 1797 Origin:The name comes from beryllos,the
3、 Greek for the stone beryl.berylberil 绿玉,绿宝石,4,第 5 号元素:硼，B，Boron，5bC:rEn Discovered:by J.L.Gay-Lussac and L.J.Thenard in Paris,France,and Sir Humphry Davy in London,UK in 1808Origin:The name is derived from the Arabic buraq,borax,its principal ore.,第 6 号元素:碳，C，Carbon 5kB:bEnDiscovered:known from pre
4、historic times.Origin:The name is derived from the Latin carbo,charcoal.,5,第 7 号元素:氮，N，Nitrogen，5naitrEdVEnDiscovered:by Daniel Rutherford in 1772Isolated in Edinburgh,UKOrigin:The name is derived from the Greek nitron genes,meaning nitre forming.nitro-5naItrEJ表示“硝基,硝石”之义,第 8 号元素:氧，O，Oxygen 5CksidVE
5、nDiscovered:by Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire,England and independently by C.W.Scheele in Uppsala,Sweden in 1774Origin:The name is derived from the Greek oxygenes,meaning acid forming.oxy-来自希腊语oxus 尖的，酸的 oxide 氧化物,6,第9 号元素:氟，F，Fluorine 5flu(:)Eri:nDiscovered:1886 by Henri MoissanOrigin:The name is de
6、rived from the Latin fleure,to flow.fluoride5flu(:)Eraidn.氟化物,第 11 号元素:钠，Na，Sodium 5sEudjEm,-diEm Discovered:1807 by Sir Humphry Davy in London.natrium5neitriEmn.拉=sodium,第 10 号元素:氖，Ne,Neon5ni:EnDiscovered:by Sir William Ramsay and M.W.Travers in 1898,Neon 也有霓虹灯之意。,7,第 12 号元素:镁，Mg，Magnesium mA5ni:zj
7、EmDiscovered:recognised as an element by Joseph Black of Edinburgh,UK in 1755Origin:The element is named after Magnesia,a district of Thessaly in Greece,where it was first found.氧化镁 Magnesium oxide,也称作 Magnesia mA5ni:FE 镁氧(矿),第 13 号元素:铝，Al，Aluminium E5lju:minEmDiscovered:1825 by Hans OerstedOrigin:F
8、rom alumen,the Latin for the mineral alum.氧化铝 aluminum oxide or alumina E5lju:minE,8,第 14 号元素:硅，Si，Silicon 5silikEnDiscovered:by J.J.Berzelius in 1824Origin:The name is derived from the Latin silicus,meaning flint.silica5silikEn硅石,二氧化硅源自 拉丁语 silex silic-坚硬的石头，燧石,第 15 号元素:磷，P，Phosphorus 5fCsfErEsDisc
9、overed:by Hennig Brandt in 1669Origin:The name is derived from the Greek phosphoros,meaning bringer of light,because it glows in the dark.(=phosphor)磷光体,发光物质，【天】启明星,金星phosphorus pentoxide 五氧化二磷,9,第 16 号元素:硫，S，Sulfur 5sQlfE(=sulphur)Discovered:known to ancient civilisationsOrigin:The name may have on
10、e or two derivations:the Sanskrit sulvere or the Latin sulphurium,both meaning sulfur.,第 17 号元素:氯，Cl，Chlorine 5klC:ri:nDiscovered:1774 by C.W.ScheeleIsolated in Uppsala,SwedenOrigin:The name is derived from the Greek chloros,meaning pale green.chloric5klC:rikadj.化氯的,含氯的 盐酸 hydrochloric acid,10,第 19
11、号元素:K，钾，Kalium 5keiliEm Potassium pE5tAsIEmDiscovered:Sir Humphry Davy in 1807,第 20 号元素:钙，Ca，Calcium klsm Discovered:Sir Humphry Davy in 1808,第 25 号元素:锰，Mn，Manganese 7mANE5ni:z Discovered:Scheele,C.W.in 1774,第 18 号元素:Ar，氩，Argon 5B:CnDiscovered:1899 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay Origin:From
12、 the Greek argos meaning inactive.Argos5B:Eus.天南船座,11,第 26 号元素:Fe,铁,Ferrum 5ferEm Iron 5aiEn,第 29 号元素:Cu,铜,Cuprum 5kju:prEm Copper,第 30 号元素:Zn,锌,Zincum zINkEm Zinc,第 35 号元素:Br，溴，Bromium Bromine 5brEumi:n,第 47 号元素:Ag，银，Argentum B:5dVentEm Silver,第 50 号元素:Sn，锡，Stannum 5stAnEm Tin,12,第 80号元素:Hg，汞，Hydra
13、rgyrum hai5drB:dVirEm Mercury 5mE:kjuri,第 82 号元素:Pb 铅 Plumbum 5plQmbEm Lead,第 53 号元素:I，碘，Iodium 5aiEdaiz Iodine 5aIEdaIn,13,英语中的数字表达,基数词 表示数目的词称为基数词。,序数词 表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式：,A从第一至第十九 序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。six sixth、nineteen nineteenth 特殊形式：one first，two second，three third，five fifth，eighteighth
14、，nineninth，twelve twelfth,B从第二十至第九十九 整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i，再加“eth”构成。twentytwentieth,14,英语中的数字表达,B从第二十至第九十九 表示第几十几时，用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“”和个位序数词形式一起表示。Thirty-first 第三十一,C第一百以上的多位序数词 由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一,D序数词的缩写形式 除lst，2nd，3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。,15,英语中的数字表达,分数的表达
15、,1.分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的。基数词作分子，序数词作分母，除了分子是“1”以外，其它情况下序数词都要用复数形式。,2.当分数后面接名词时，如果分数表示的值大于1，名词用复数；小于1，名词用单数。,1/3 one third或a third,3/4 three fourths或 three quarters,4/5 meter 五分之四米，5/6 inch 六分之五英寸,3.表示“n次方”的说法：指数用序数词，底数用基数词。107 the seventh power of ten（ten to the seventh power）,16,1,Simple Nomenclature o
16、f OrganicCompoundsIUPAC RulesInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry国际理论和应用化学联合会,17,2,有机化合物主要根据其官能团(functional group)分类,烃(hydrocarbon)醚(ether)酯(ester),醛(aldehyde)醇(alcohol)胺(amine),酮(ketone)羧酸(carboxylic acid)酰胺(amide),氨基酸(amino acid)有机化合物命名要反映出其官能团种类，及其分子中的原子组成和数目,18,3,烃的命名烷烃(alkane)的命名相关
17、词头+后缀-ane从第五个成员戊烷(pentane)，烷烃的命名根据其碳原子数目的希腊数字派生。,19,4,命名有机化合物的数字前缀,己烷 hexane,庚烷 heptane,癸烷 decane,10个碳原子？命名基本原则：个位数字相应前缀+十位数字相应前缀+后缀-ane,十三烷,个位：3 tri-,十位：10 deca-,后缀-ane,tridecane,十八烷,octadecane,注意：十一烷和十二烷的写法,十一烷：undecane,十二烷：dodecane,20,5,命名有机化合物的数字前缀20个碳原子？,20,eicosa-,30 triaconta-,从30起，之后的10的倍数均为
18、相应前缀加上-aconta,40 tetraconta-三十五烷？,50 pentaconta-pentatriacontane,二十五烷？,pentaeicosane？,pentacosane,21烷的十位数前缀为 heneicosa-，22烷为docosa2329烷的十位数前缀为 cosa-,21,6,命名有机化合物的数字前缀un-/hen-do-,22,数序英文前缀,甲 meth-乙 eth-丙 prop-a-丁 but-戊 pent-己 hexa-庚 hepta-辛 octa-癸 nona壬 deca-,methane ethane propane butanepentane hexa
19、neheptane octane nonane decane,23,反义的前缀,前缀 举例 a-acentricab-abnormalan-anelectric,anharmonicanti-antiageingcotra-cotraclockwisecounter contercurrentdif-diffidentdis-disability,disappear,前缀 举例 il-illimitableim-immaterialin-incompleteir-irregularnon-nonexistent,nonperidicun-unequal,unbodied,24,一般英文词汇的前
20、缀,前缀 中文含义 举例mal-恶 malcontent,malfunctionintra-在内，内部 intraregionalintro-向内，入内 introflection,introduceex-出外；前任；export expremier 做，使，起强调作用 extractexo-外，外部 exosphere exobiologyfore-前，先，预先辈 forword foreseemicro 微 microscope,microworldper-高，过 perchloride,peroxide 加强意义 perturb 遍，透 perspire,前缀 中文含义 举例endo-内
21、 endolympheu-优，美 euthenicspre-前 prewarpost-后 postdatesym-对称 symmetryhomo-同 homotypehetero-异 heteropolar,heteromorphicpseudo 假 pseudocrystalmacro-大，宏 macroclimate macroword,25,常用化合物的词头,aceto-乙酰 acetoacetate,acetoacetic etheralkali-碱 alkali-earth metal,alkali metalbenzene(benzol-)苯 benzene ring benzen
22、e sulfonic acidbi-在盐类前头表示酸式盐 sodium bicarbonatechloro-氯代,氯基 chloroacetic acid,chloroformcis-顺式 cis-addition,cis-isomercyclo-环 cycloheptanoneepoxy-环氧 epoxypropane,epoxy resinhydro-氢的，氢化的，含水的 hydrocarbon,hydrogenationhydroxy-羟基 hydroxy-ketone,hydroxy-acid,iso-等，同 isotherm isotopemeta-间，偏 metapheynlene
23、 meta-aciddiamin e,nitro-硝基 nitrobenzeneortho 邻位；正，原 ortho-derivative;ortho-acidoxy-氧化；氧代 oxy-acid,oxydationpara-对位,仲para-derivative;para-acidpetro-石油 petrochemicalphenyl 苯酚 phenolic resinphenyl-苯基 phenylacetylenepoly-聚 polymer,polymolecularsulfa-磺胺 sulfamethylthiazoleSyn 顺式；同 syn-form,syngensisthio
24、-硫代 thiosufatetrans-反式；超，越，过 trans-addition,26,有机化合物词尾构成（1）,-acetal 缩醇 acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal acid 酸 benzoic acid-al 醛 ethanal alcohol 醇 ethyl alcohol-aldehyde 醛 acetaldehyde-amide 酰胺 acetamide-amine 胺 methylamine-ane 烷 propane-ase 酶 peptidase-cain(e)卡因 buacaine-carbinol 甲醇 methyl ethyl carbin
25、olCarbonyl 羰基 carbonyl chloride-carboxylic acid 羧酸 1-propanecarboxylic acid-ene 烯 pentene-ester(ate)酯 acetylacetic ester（乙酰乙酸酯）,methyl acetate-ether 乙醚 ethyl ether-ic anhydride 酸酐 acetic anhydride-ol 醇 methanol-osan 聚糖 glucosan,27,有机化合物词尾构成（2）,-ose 糖 fructose,glucose-oyl 酰 acetyl,caproyl-quine 奎 niq
26、uine-imine 亚胺 ethylidenimine,cyclohexanimine-ketone 酮 methyl phenyl ketone-one 酮 hexone-lactam 内酰胺 hexalactam-lactone 内酯 butyrolactone-nitrile 腈 succinonitrile-oside 糖酐 glucoside-sulfide 硫 diethyl sulfide-sulfonic acid 磺酸 naphthanesulfonic acid-sulfone 砜 ethyl sulfone-thiol 硫醇 methane thiol-thiourea
27、 硫脲 ethyl-thiourea-toxin 毒 buthotoxin-yl 基 methyl,ethyl,ethylphenol,isopentyl,benzyl,sec-butyl-yne 炔 1,3-butadiyne,2-butyne,28,a acidABR acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbera atomicABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneabs absoptionCM-cellulose carboxymethyl celluloseCMC carboxymethyl celluloseabs.E absolute
28、 errorac activityPMM polymethylmethacrylateALC analytic liquid chromagraphPE polyethylenePLC prepared liquid chromatographPEG polyethylene glycolHPLC high pressure liquid chromatographPS polystyreneAR anlytical reagentPU polyurethane,CR chemical reagentPVA polyvinyl acetateave.avg.averagePVA polyvin
29、yle alcoholCSTR continuous stirred tank reactorPVC polyvinyl chliridePFR plug flow reactorPOM polyoxymethylenepet petroleumPP polypropyleneRT residence timePPG polypropylene glycole.g.exampli gratia(for example)PAM polyacrylamideEtc or soppm part per millionCOD chemical oxygen demandproc.process;pro
30、cedureBOD bichemical oxygen demandprep.preparation;prepare,缩略语,29,Nomenclature of Polymer,Additional polymer(polymonomer)polystyrene(PS)polyvinyl chloride(PVC)polyvinyl acetate(PVA)poly(methyl methacrylate)polyacrylamidepolyethylene oxide/glycol(PEO/PEG)polybutadiene,30,Chromatography,Gas chromatogr
31、aphyLiquid chromatographyColumn chromatographyThin layer chromatographyPaper chromatographySize exclusion chromatographyGel permeation chromatography,GCLCCCTLCPCSECGPC,31,Spectroscopy,Infrared spectroscopy Ultra-violet spectroscopy Fluorescence spectroscopyAtomic absorption spectroscopyMass spectros
32、copy,Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceElectron Spin ResonanceElectron Paramagnetic Resonance,IRUVFSAASMS,NMRESREPR,32,7,烷基的命名将烷烃的词尾的-ane去掉，加上-yl，则为烷基名称,CH3?,CH4 methane,CH3 methyl,CH3CH2CH2CH2,butyl,?,(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)3CCH2(CH3)3CCH2CH3,?,2-methyl propyl2,2-dimethylpropyl2,2-dimethyl butane,33,8,烃的命名烯烃和炔烃的命
33、名烯烃(alkene)：相关词头+后缀 ene炔烃(alkyne);相关词头+后缀 yne烯基的命名将烯烃的词尾-ene 改为-enyl,34,9,烃的命名芳香烃(Aromatic Hydrocarbon)的命名因其含双键，故均以后缀-ene结尾。,35,10,烃的命名芳香烃(Aromatic Hydrocarbon)的命名,？,methylbenzene,苯环上表示2个基团的相对位置命名可用邻o,间m对p表,示。1,2-dimethylbenzeneo-dimethylbenzene当芳香环上带有脂肪链时，以芳环作为骨架，脂链作为取代基。ethenylbenzene？,36,11,烃的命名芳香基的命名,苯基,苯甲基,phenylphenylmethyl,37,12,烃的命名卤代烃(Organic Halide)的命名命名时将卤素作为主链的取代基在其元素名主干后加字母o,chlorobenzene,1,4-dichlorobenzenep-dichlorobenzene,
