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1、因果连词,类别 1,表示原因,1.for 义为：因为，由于的缘故；既然；鉴于Youd better put on your sweater,for its rather cold outside.你最好把毛衣穿上，外边相当冷。,He felt no fear,for he was a brave man.他不感到害怕，因为他是个勇敢的人。Comfort him for he is sad.去安慰他，因为他很悲伤。比 because 较为正式，少用于口语中，用于提出证据或说明前面刚作的陈述,判断改错：(错)For he is ill,he is absent today.(对)He is abs
2、ent today,for he is ill.for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。,比较since和forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao L
3、i since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.,注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非
4、延续动词在完成时中的误使。1)(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.2)(错)Harry has got married for six years.=Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry
5、 has been married for six years.,2.because1.因为，由于：The boy was always late because it took so long to get dressed.这个男孩因花太长时间穿衣服总是迟到。I cant do it now because I am busy.因为我正忙着，现在不能做此事。,2.用于引导一个名词从句，相当于 that 或 the fact that这一事实，这一点原因，原因是：The reason I am here is because I want to ask for your help.我之所以到这
6、儿来是想寻求你的帮助。3.用于省略句，表示暂不便说明详细理由：I think it would make her feel better because.我想它会使她觉得好受些。原因嘛，现在不说。,Because ofBut in over weight overweight people,it can look yellow because of fat.但是在超重的人中，因为脂肪它可能看起来是黄色的。Because of this,you sometimes can use contrails to predict the weather.因为原理，你有时候可以用这条轨迹来预测天气。,Th
7、ere is something to thisbut not because of what is happening in America.有一点是值得关注的，并且这一点与发生在美国的事情无关,3 since,因为；既然：Since this is so,its better to accept it.既来之，则安之。,4.due to,The scientists found that half of the 421 deaths were clearly due to carbon monoxide poisoning.科学工作者发现在421个死难者中，半数显然是由于一氧化碳中毒。,5
8、.owing to,Once out of reach owing to the blanket of ice that entombed them,these resources look temptingly grabbable as climate change shrinks the ice shelf.这些资源曾因为覆盖它们的冰层而显然遥不可及，但由于气候变化令冰架收缩，这些资源看上去唾手可得，非常迷人。,6.as,As you object,we wont go.由于你反对，我们不去了。As you are leaving last,lock up.你是最后一个离开，把门锁好,还有
9、那些词表原因？,此外，表原因的词还有for the reason that.；in view of；the reason seems to be obvious;there are about.；for this reason;in that,类别 2,表示结果,1.therefore,One lesson therefore is to avoid unbalancing the marine environment.因此一个教训是，避免是海洋环境失去平衡。,Therefore与soHe hurt his leg,so he couldnt play in the game.注意：a.两个并
10、列连词不能连用，但therefore,then,yet.可以和并列连词连用。You can watch TV,and or you can go to bed.He hurt his leg,and so/and therefore he couldnt play in the game.,b.although yet，但although不与 but连用。(错)Although he was weak,but he tried his best to do the work.(对)Although he was weak,yet he tried his best to do the work
11、.,2.so.,So the system builds up.由此，系统得以成功建立。So,the Hollanders gave their own nickname to the New England colonists.于是，这些荷兰人把自己的外号送给了新英格兰的移民。,3.as a result of,Some of the uncertainty comes as a result of competition from places like India and China.有些不确定性是来自象印度和中国这些地方的竞争的结果。But he says it is importan
12、t for people who need help not to delay seeking help as a result of the new report.但是他说，作为新的报告的结果对于那些需要帮助而不是推迟寻求帮助的人是很重要的。,Productivity has risen over the decades,partly because of more capital per employee but also as a result of higher skill among workers.生产率数十年来一直在增长，部分原因是平均每个雇员的资本投入更高了，但也是工人技能提高
13、的结果。,4.consequently,Consequently,the black mother,normally working as a domestic or nursemaid,was the family provider by default.结果，通常充当家庭佣人和保姆的黑人母亲们，就是不出场的家庭供养者。,Consequently,the collision of a quark in one particle with a quark in another resembles a collision of two free quarks.因此，一个粒子中的一个夸克与另一个粒
14、子中的一个夸克碰撞。类似于两个自由夸克的碰撞。,Consequently,organizations will be able to derive value by enabling human minds to cooperate in the coordination or operation of elements of production.因此，机构或组织通过开启人类的思维，在生产的基础上协调或操作上进行合作，将会能够得到价值的体现。,除了上述所列举的以外，表示结果的连词还有：thus；Hence；inevitably;under these conditions;not only.but(also.);so.as to.,成员及分工：查阅资料：季宦玉、陈川、刘桀霖、高志敏、甘庆文PPT制作：周伯禹、杜学良,Thank You,
