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1、,现在分词,19.The countrys chief首要 exports are coal煤,cars and cotton goods,cars _ the most important of these.(1994)A.have been B.are C.being D.are being(CABD都会使后半部分构成完整的句子，但句中用的是逗号，不能是完整句子。)20.Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth,wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop谷类作物.(2003)A.is B.been
2、 C.be D.being(D，同上。“农业是这个国家的主要财源，目前小麦是谷物中产量最大的。”),C,D,1、分词的意义以及分类形式,2、现在分词有时态和语态的变化，现以现在分词doing为例列表如下：,现在分词作为非限定动词在句中不可用作谓语，也不可用作主语或宾语。它在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和补足语等,现在分词作表语时，多表示主语所具有的特征，一般情况下用在系动词的后面。如be/become/look/sound等。如：The story is interesting.It sounds boring to stay at home for a whole day.,（一）现在分词作表
3、语,现在分词的句法作用,(二)现在分词作定语,单个的现在分词作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的词前面；若现在分词短语作定语，则放在它所修饰的词的后面。eg:1.We will have a test the coming week.2.The girl stranding at the gate is Lucy.,17.The rain came on time and would certainly ease the feat 轻松的壮举 _ the people of inland.(TEM-4)A)to face B)face C)facing D)faces,【译文】这场雨下得及时，它将缓解
4、内陆地区的人们面临的高温。【试题分析】考查现在分词的用法【详细解答】现在分词作定语，它的作用相当于定语从句。表示动作是由前面的名词发出的，既可以表示进行中的动作，又可以表示习惯性动作。过去分词短语表示前面的名词是受动者。,c,As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free,tax-supported schools must be established in every town _50 households or more.A)having B)to have C)to have had D)having had Town,后面的词由于修饰前
5、面的town分词做定语，应该用现在分词，答案为A。,A,补充说明,while(when,once,until,if,though等连词)分词结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when,once,although,until,if等连词。【例如】When leaving the airport,she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train,I had a long talk with my sister about her work Although working very hard,he f
6、ailed to pass the final exam.,5、现在分词用作状语,现在分词及其短语从表意的角度来看也可以用作状语，表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后。也可能和谓语动词的动作同时发生。表时间，可置于句首，如：Climbing to the top of tower,we saw a magnificent view.我们爬到塔顶后，看到了一片壮丽的景象。（先于谓语动词发生）置于句中，如：Four tall girls arose from different tables,going round,gathered the book
7、s and removed them.四个高个姑娘从不同的桌子站起来，各走了一圈，把书收起来拿开。,置于句末，如：He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上（其动作发生在谓语动词之后）Lucy broke her looking glass,dressing to go out.她在外出前穿衣服时把镜子打破了。（二者同时发生）强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用连词when或while。表原因，可放在句首或句末，如：Being sick I stayed at home.我因病呆在家里（现在分词being常可表原因）See
8、ing that it was raining,George put on his mackintosh 鉴于下雨，乔治穿上了雨衣（seeing that是一个表原因的固定说法）,Robert used the phone to cancel his lunch date with Basil,having suddenly remembered a previous engagement.罗伯特打电话取消了他与巴兹尔吃午餐的约会，因为他突然想起另有他约。（置于句末的现在分词完成式常表原因）表条件，其位置可在谓语之前或之后。如：A person standing at the center o
9、f one of the broader craters would be unable to see the crater walls.一个人如站在广阔的火山口的中间，就会看不到火山口壁。,表让步，可置于句首或句末，如：Knowing all this,they made me pay for damage.他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我陪偿损失。表结果，常置于句末，如：It rained heavily,causing severe flooding in that country.大雨滂沱，造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。（与表结果的不定式一样，表结果的现在分词亦常和only连用）表伴随，多置于句
10、首或句末：（表伴随情况的现在分词有时表一种接续动作，往往相当于另一谓语，如：）My train starts at six,arriving in Chicago at ten.我坐的火车6时开，10时到达芝加哥。,6、现在分词用作补语,现在分词可用作宾语补足语，与前面的宾语构成复合宾语。具有这种复合宾语的动词多为表示感觉的动词，如:eg:I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.我看见那个顽皮孩子打狗表感觉的动词还有smell，observe，watch，notice，look at，listen to等。另外有些使役动词如have，set，get，catc
11、h，keep，leave等也可后接含有现在分词的复合宾语，如：We keep the fire burning all the time.我们使火一直燃烧.,为了修辞的需要，用作宾语补足语现在分词偶尔也可以放在宾语之前，如：Beneath its grey surface I could see lurking a deep midnight green.在灰色的海面下，我可以看见潜藏着一种午夜的深绿色。（为了句子平衡，同时也为了强调a deep midnight green）作宾语补足语的现在分词有时其前可有as，前面的动词多用regard，consider,describe,quote,p
12、icture,see,think of等。eg：We consider this sentence pattern as being useful.我们认为这种句型是有用的（being可省去）。,现在分词用作主语补足语，多用在被动结构中，与主语构成复合主语。如：eg：He was seen going upstairs 有人看见他上楼的。She was heard singing all the time.人们听到她一直在唱。,4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance等感官动词和look at,l
13、isten to等短语动词以及have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。,7、现在分词独立结构,现在分词可有其独立的逻辑主语。这种主语常常是名词或代词主语，置于现在分词之前，二者构成一种分词独立结构。现在分词独立结构常用作状语，置于句首或句末，偶而也置于句中。分句独立结构多用在书面语中。如：表时间The question being settled,we went home.问题解决之后，我们就回家了。表原因 The river having risen in the night,the cross
14、ing was impossible.夜里河水上涨，渡河不可能了,表条件 Weather permitting,well have the match tomorrow.天气允许的话，我们将于明天进行比赛表方式或伴随情况：He guiding her,they stumbled through the street.他引着她，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街,1.有时这种现在分词独立结构具有一种解释性功能，如：We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two我们加倍努力，每一个人就像干两个人的活。2、现在分词独立结构中的逻辑主语如是非人称代词it，有时
15、看省去，如：Being sundyay,we had a picnic in in the suburbs.那天是星期天，我们在郊外野餐。(being之前省去了it）3、现在分词独立结构之前可用介词with，介词with在此没有什么意义。带有介词with的这种独立分词结构比较口语化。如：We went into a large waiting room with a large fan spinning overhead4、介词without也可引导现在分词独立结构,2004年专四真题；,There_ nothing more for discussion,the meeting came t
16、o an end half an hour earlier.A、to be B、to have beenC、being D、be答案：C。there being nothing more for discussion为独立主格结构，表原因。,C,8、现在分词的完成式,1、现在分词完成式所表的动作发生在谓语动词所表的动作之前，常用作状语，表时间和原因。表时间常置于句首，表原因常置于句末或句首，如：eg：Having noted down our names and addresses,the policeman dismissed us.那警察把我们的姓名和地址记下后就让我们走了（表时间）Not
17、 having met him,I cannot tell you what he is like.我没有见过他，所以说不出他的模样,2004年专四真题；,_,he can now only watch it on TV at home.A、Obtaining not a ticket for the matchB、Not obtaining a ticket for the matchC、Not having obtained a ticket for the matchD、Not obtained a ticket for the match答案：C.由于没有搞到比赛门票，他现在只能在家里
18、看电视转播了。没搞到票”发生在“看电视”之前，故应用分词完成式。现在分词短语位于句首时经常表原因,C,专四真题：,_ regular training in nursing,she could hardly cope with the work at first.(1994)A.Not received B.Since receiving C.Having received D.Not having received答案：D，receive的主语是she，因此应是主动，A不对receive的动作在主句谓语动词之前发生，所以要用分词的完成形式，否定应是not having done,D,9、现在
19、分词的被动式,现在分词的一般式和完成式皆有被动式，如：eg:The house being built is a big project.正在施工的那栋楼是一项很大的工程。（现在分词一般式被动式，用作定语）This having been said,let us return to our subject.说了这些话之后，让我们言归正传吧。（现在分词完成式被动式，用于独立结构）,有时现在分词的一般式的被动式与其完成式的被动式完全同义，皆表示已完成的动作，这时用一般式的被动式较好,如：eg：Being written in haste,the composition is full of mis
20、takes.这篇文章仓卒写就，故错误百出。（being written较having been written好）但现在分词一般式的被动式有歧义时，则应用现在分词完成式的被动式表已完成的动作，如：eg：She rebuked herself for forgetting what she really knew quite well,having been told it often.她常被通告此事，所以她责备自己忘记了她其实熟知的事。（如用being told it often，除可能具有having been told it often的含义外，也可能具有“经常被告诉”的意思）,专四真题（
21、1995）；,43.He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field直升机在上空旋转.Then to his astonishment,he saw a rope ladder _ out and three men climbing down it.(1995)A.throwing B.being thrown C.having thrown D.having been thrownB，see可与现在分词或不定式连用，后面用了现在分词，这里也用分词；绳梯是被扔出飞机，因此要用被动结构，排除AC；see,watch,hear,feel,noti
22、ce,observe,等词一般不跟分词的完成形式连,B,10、现在分词所表的动作,(一)现在分词可表正在进行的动作，如：He came running in.他跑了进来。I caught him napping.我抓住了他的错误。（现在分词表正在进行的动作时，和动词的进行时态一样，可以和某些副词如fast连用）,（二）现在分词也可以表经常发生的或短暂的动作以及经常存在的状态，如：Looking up at the night sky,we can see a vast number of stars.我们举目遥望夜空时，可以看到许许多多的星星。（looking=as we look）（现在分词
23、用作表语时，相当于形容词，只表性质，不可能表正在进行的动作，故应区别下面两句中的现在分词：）His speech is inspiring.他的演说令人鼓舞（inspiring在此是非限定动词，用作表语)His speech is inspiring his party.他的演说鼓舞着他的党（inspiring在此用作谓语的主要动词）,12、动名词与现在分词的区别,动名词和现在分词的形态都是动词原形+ing，所以形态上无法区别，必须从用法上加以区别。带有名词性质的就是动名词，带有形容词性质的就是现在分词。eg:Those farming workers did not like farming
24、 at all,but they had to.动名词和现在分词都可以用来修饰名词，但用法上不相同。eg:a sleeping child(在睡觉的小孩）现在分词 a sleeping car(卧车）动名词=（a car for sleeping)a walking man(在走路的人）现在分词 a wlaking stick(走路用的手杖）动名词=（a stick for walking),现在分词,现在分词的意义以及构成,现在分词的句法作用,现在分词的时态和语态,意义（2点）,结构：V+-ing,现在分词作定语,现在分词作表语,现在分词作宾语补足语,现在分词作状语,时态,语态,一般式,完成式,主动,被动,现在分词的独立结构,
