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1、专题一,名词、代词、数词、冠词、主谓一致,名词,一、名词所有格1.名词所有格的构成（1）-s（主要用于人、国家、动物，也有例外）单数名词或不以s结尾的复数名词后 Toms sister Womens Day 以 s或es结尾的复数名词后 the workers club复合名词和作为整体的名词词组 two hours and a halfs walk比较：Toms and Nancys mother Tom and Nancys mother,（2）of+名词当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰时用无生命的拥有者 the roof of the church2.名词所有格的两种形式使用有时可以通
2、用表示有生命的东西 the horses tail=the tail of the horse 表示国家、城市、地区的名词 the countrys plan=the plan of the country 表示机构的名称 the schools future=the future of the school3.名词所有格所修饰的词有时可以省略 the chemists,the dentists4.双重所有格 a friend of my fathers,二、名词复数的不规则变化1.可数名词的数（1）单复不同 foot(feet)（2）单复同行 deer,Chinese（3）集合名词（集体名词
3、）比较：Our class is a large one.The class are very friendly to each other.（4）以-s结尾，仍未单数的名词（5）由两部分组成的名词用复数；由单部分组成名词用复数（6）复合名词的复数形式通常把最后一个词变成复数 girl students可数名词的复数形式可以由冠词、零冠词、除one以外的基数词以及一些限定词修饰。注：有些词和词组必须用复数,2、不可数名词的数可以通过一些单位量词来计数：如：a piece of news a flash of hope a gust of wind有些单位量词可以来计数可数名词：a pair o
4、f scissors a set of books,例题解析,1.The young dancer looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _ pictures of them.A.many of B.masses of C.the number of D.a large amount of2.As a result of destroying the forests,a large _ of desert _ covered the land.A.number;has B.quantity;hasC.number;
5、have D.quantity;have,3、物质名词的数物质名词一般做不可数名词，但有时其复数形式代表了不同的词义。4、专有名词的数专有名词一般无复数形式，除非其本身就是复数名词，如 the United States，但姓氏的复数可表示一家人或同名同姓的几个人。三、因阴性、阳性而不同形式的名词注意：有些词没有性别的区别,一、在比较级的句子中than,as 后用主格、宾格都可以。（但有时有区别）My mother loves my sister more than I.My mother loves my sister more than me.二、两个以上人称代词并列，其次序排列顺序原则。
6、you,she and I三、she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。四、thisthat的用法：1.this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物，that(those)反而亦之。2.this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用，that反而亦之。I want to tell you this:the English party will be held tomorrow.He hurt his leg yesterday.Thats why he didnt come.,代词,3.this和that可以当副词，意思相当于副词so.4.为了避免重复，常用that 或those代替前面已经
7、提过的名词。五、such和same的用法：1.such指“这样的”人或事物，在句中做主语或定语。2.same指“同样的”人或事物，在句中做主语、表语、宾语和定语。六、any的用法1.句中表示否定的副词。(hardly,scarcely,seldom)2.句中含有一些表示否定意义的结构。(too-to),3.在条件句中或在含有whetherif引导的宾语从句中。七、one和ones的用法：可以做定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”，所有格是ones，反身代词是oneself.可以代替前面提到的名词，一避免重复，可用thisthatthesethose修饰。八、it的用法：1.代替前
8、面提到的短语、从句或动词2.可以充当非人称动词的主语 it seems,it appears,it happens,3.it与one的区别 it指代上文同类同一事物，one表示同类，但不同的另一事物 That is a book on the desk.It is red.That is a good book.I need one.4.it 与that,which 的区别 it 充当形式主语，形式宾语，不能用that 在定语从句中，关系代词只能用that 和which,在强调句型中 只能用that It was at our school gate that I met an old fri
9、end.表示猜测看不清楚的人例题解析：Both sides have accused _ of breaking the contract.A.another B.the otherC.neither D.each,一、年月的表示：the 1900s=the 1900sthe 1980s=the 1980s二、分数：当分数后接名词时，值大于1，名词用复数；反而亦之。,数词,例题解析：This rope is _ as long as that one.A.second-third B.two-thirdC.two-threes D.two thirds三、小数：1.整数部分为零时，可省略不读。
10、2.当小数后接名词时，值大于1，名词用复数；反而亦之。,四、百分数：1.构成。2.常与by,to连用，在句中做状语。五、dozen/score的用法：1.之前加上大于1的基数词，依然用单数形式。two dozen pens2.其复数形式+of表示“几十个或很多”scores of bottles六、倍数的表达：1.基数词+times as+形、副原级+as2.基数词+times+形、副比较级+than3.基数词+times the+表示大小、数量的名词+of three times the size of that one,一、不定冠词：用于价格、速度、比率等的词组中。sixty miles
11、an hour four times a day二、定冠词的特殊用法：“the+单数名词”可表示一类人或事物，后动词用单数。在海洋、河流、群岛、山脉、沙漠、地区等专有名词前以及本身为复数形式的国名前。the Atlantic/the Netherlands/the Thames,冠词,三、零冠词1.泛指可数名词复数，抽象名词和物质名词。Man is great.2.语言或学科名词前。四、冠词之差，意义有别。at table/at the table例题解析As a rule,domestic servants doing odd jobs are paid _.A.by the hourB.b
12、y hourC.By an hourD.by hours,2.An accident happened at _ crossroads a few meters away from _ bank.A.a;aB./;aC./;theD.the;/3.The cakes are delicious.Hed like to have _ third one because _ second one is rather too small.A.a;aB,the;the C.a;the D.the;a4._ recent report stated that the number of Spanish
13、speakers in the U.S.would be higher than the number of English speakers by_year 2090.A.A;the B.A;/C.The;/D.The;a,一、含有and的表达：1.and/bothand,指单数意义，动词用单数 Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.2.含and的省略结构,意义为复数，动词用复数 What to say and think are none of your business.3.表示整体概念的并列结构，后动词用单数 law and order,a watch an
14、d chain,the worker and poet4.eachand each/everyand every/noand no/many a and many a的结构，动词用单数 Every boy and every girl has to finish the work.二、population的使用a/the population，动词用单数分数+population，动词用复数,主谓一致,三、集体名词做主语1.作复数的：police,people,cattle,dozen,动词用复数2.作不可数名词的：machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandi
15、se，动词用单数3.作为整体，谓语动词用单数；指成员，谓语动词用复数：audience,committee,class,club,crew,family,government,group,team,staff.四、以表示非确定数量的名词词组做主语1.如果名词词组的中心词是all,most,rest,some,neither,none,no等词，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之用单数。,2.a large quantity of 修饰可数名词和不可数名词，其短语做主语，谓语动词用单数。3.如果主语是代词some,谓语动词用复数；若主语是such（此时可视为倒装），谓语单复数由其后的表语单
16、复数决定。Such are the facts.Such is the reason.五、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1.以-s结尾的名词如：arms,clothes,contents,fireworks,goods,stairs,thanks,wages等，通常作复数。2.以-ings 结尾的名词如：belongings,surroundings,earnings,通常作复数。,3.以-s结尾的单、复数同形的名词，谓语动词的单复数取决于这些名词的单复情况，如：means,series,species,works.Every means has been tried.All means
17、 have been tried.4.名词所有格后的名词被省，这种情况一般是指商店、工厂、住宅、等，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。The bakers is not far from my home.5.表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但作主语时，谓语动词常常用复数。如：Richardsons have a lot of goods to sell.,六、不定代词作主语1.either,neither,each,one,the other,another,any-,some-,no-,every-,no one,little,a little作主语时，被看为单数，谓语动词用单数。some,m
18、ost,all,any,a lot of,plenty等用来代替复数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词与其后的名词形式保持一致。Some of the apples are good.Some of the sand is hard.七、主语若是书名、剧名、报刊杂志名称时，即使名词是复数形式，谓语动词还是用作单数。The Seven Dwarfs is a very interesting story.八、定语从句先行词的单复数决定从句中谓语动词的单复数情况。,Those who want to go should sign your names here.He is one of the s
19、tudents who are good at maths.九、以“the only one/every one of+复数名词+定语从句”中，定语从句的先行词是the only one/every one，从句中的谓语动词为单数。He is the only one of those boys who is willing to do the job.例题解析：1.More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine.A.sent B.were sent C.had sent D.had been sent,
20、2.Professor Wang,along with his assistants,_on the project day and night.A.work B.working C.is working D.are working3.Equipped with modern facilities,todays libraries differ greatly from _.A.those of the pastB.the pastC.which of the pastD.these past4.No one in the department but Tom and I_ that the director is going to resign.A.knows B.know C.have known D.am to know,5.Truth and honesty _ the best policy.A.are B.is C.was D.have been,
