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1、Pragmatics Chang Yueyuan 1120140431,2023/8/1,2,Contents,1 The Definition of Pragmatics2 Speech Act Theory3 Classifying Speech Acts 4 Conversational Implicature4.1 Cooperative Principle(CP)4.2 Categories of Maxims in CP4.3 Violation of the Maxims 5 References,1 Definition of Pragmatics,Pragmatics can
2、 be defined as the study of how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.The study of language in use.,2 Speech Act Theory,John Austin(1911-1960)How to Do Things with Words(1962)speech acts:actions performed via utterances,2.1 Performatives and Constatives,Constati
3、ves 叙事句 Performatives施为句,6,Constatives:utterances which roughly serves to state a fact,report that something is the case,or describe what something is,eg:I go to the park every Sunday.I teach English.,7,Performatives:utterances which are used to perform acts,do not describe or report anything at all
4、;the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action;they cannot be said to be true or false.Performative verbs:name,bet,etc.,8,I do.I name this ship Queen Elizabeth.I give and bequeath my watch to my brother.I promise to finish it in time.I declare the meeting open.I warn you that the bull will
5、charge.,9,Features of PerformativesFirst person singular subject 第一人称单数主语Speech act verbs/performative verbs:Simple present tense 一般现在时Indicative mood 陈述语气Active voice 主动态,10,I promise to be there.Ill be there.I admit I was wrong.I was foolish.I thank you.Im very grateful.I apologize.Im sorry.I orde
6、r you to sit down.You must sit down.,2.2 Illocutionary Act Theory行事行为/施为行为理论,Speech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels:,Level 1,A locutionary act 发话行为/言内行为:the act of saying somethingin the full sense of“say”.,12,Morning!,Level 2,An illocutionary act 行事行为:an act performed in saying something.To say so
7、mething is to do something.,13,14,Morning!,She offered a greeting.,Level 3,The perlocutionary act 成事行为/取效行为the act preformed by or as a result of saying,the effects on the hearer.By saying x and doing y,I did z(the words and actions will have different effects on the hearer).,Level 3,16,A show of fr
8、iendship,An instance of hypocrisy,OR,The effect of the speakers words may be not what the speaker originally intended,but it is still a perlucutionary act performed by him or her.Illocutionary act is related to the speakers intention and perlocutionary act is not.,17,Briefly,18,Exercise,Can you reco
9、gnize the locutionary,illocutionary and perlocutionary act performed by the following utterance?,19,A wife says to her husband:“Theres no milk in the fridge.”Locutionary act:?Illocutionary act:?Perlocutionary act:?,20,Uttering“There is no milk in the fridge.”,Making a request:husband should go out a
10、nd buy some.Offering an explanation:no milk left,so I will buy some.,Husband follows the request and buy some milk.Husband understands why his wife is ready to go out.Or he may suspect the reason his wife offers:is she really going out to get some milk?,3 Classifying speech acts,also made his contri
11、bution to the study of illocutionary speech acts.He specified five types of illocutionary speech acts.,21,John Searle(1932-),1)representative描述性 I guess that he has come2)directive 指示性 Open the door!3)commissive 承担性 I promise to love you!4)expressive 表达性 Its very kind of you to have thought of me.5)
12、declaration 宣告性 I declare the meeting open/I fire you!,4 Conversational Implicature会话含义,People do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.Herbert Paul Grice(1913-1988)William James lectures at Harvard in 1967Logic and Conversation in 1975,4.1Cooperative Principle(CP)合作原则,Cooperative P
13、rinciple:Make your contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.使你所说的话,在其所发生的阶段,符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向,4.2 Categories of Maxims in CP,25,26,Maxim of Quantity:数量准则/适量准则Make your contribution as informative
14、as required(for the current purposes of the exchange).Do not make your contribution more informative than required.Maxim of Quality:质量准则/真实准则Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say something if you lack adequate evidence;,27,Maxim of Relation:相关准则Be relative.Maxim of Manner:方式准则/明晰准则Be pe
15、rspicuous.Avoid obscurity of expression.Avoid ambiguity.Be brief.Be orderly.,4.3 Violation of the maxims,When we violate these maxims,in some situations,conversational implicature will arise.,29,4.3 Violation of the maxims(Quantity),Make your contribution as informative as is required.A:昨天上街买了些什么?B:
16、就买了些东西。I dont want to tell you what I bought.,30,2.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Aunt:How did Jimmy do his history exam?Mother:Oh,not at all well.Teachers asked him things that happened before the poor boy was born.Her son should not be blamed.,31,4.3 Violation of t
17、he maxims(Quality),1.Do not say what you believe to be false.You are the cream in my coffee.X runs as fast as a deer.He is made of iron.,32,2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.A:Nanjing is in JiangSu,isnt it?B:And Rome is in Romania,I suppose.Its ridiculous.,33,4.3 Violation of th
18、e maxims(Relation),Be relevant.A:Prof.Wang is an old bag.B:Nice weather for the time of year.I dont want to talk about Prof.Wang.,34,4.3 Violation of the maxims(Manner),1.Avoid obscurity of expressionA:Lets get the kids something.B:Ok,but I veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.Dont give them chocolate.,35,2.Avoid
19、 ambiguity 买一赠一。,36,3.Be brief A:Did you get my assignment?B:I received two pages clipped together and covered with rows of black squiggles.not satisfied.,Exercise 1,Mother:Wheres the cake?Jimmy:Lucy was just in the kitchen.,37,Maxims of Quantity and Relation,Exercise 2,Man:May I know your name?Woma
20、n:Diana Wang.And yours?Man:David.David Zhang.My friends all call me Dave.I am a director in a joint venture.Im going to New York on a business trip next week.,38,Maxims of Quantity&Relation&Manner,Exercise 3,Xiao Li is a bachelor with a good job and a handsome income.Mrs.Chen is thinking of doing a
21、match-making for him and a friends daughter.She has the following conversation with Mrs.Yang,a colleague of Xiao Li:Mrs.Chen:That Xiao Li in your department looks like a nice guy.He isnt married yet,is he?Mrs.Yang:Well,hes from the countryside of Sichuan.Hes got five brothers and sisters and hes the eldest.,39,Maxims of Quantity and Relation,References,Huang,Yan.1991.A Neo-Gricean Pragmatics Theory of Anaphora.Journal of Pragmatics,27,301-335.Mey,J.1993.Pragmatics:An Introduction.Oxford:Blackwell.胡壮麟 姜望琪 2002，语言学高级教程（英文），北京大学出版社。,Thank you!,
