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1、语言学总复习,Chapter1 Invitations to linguistics,1.the definition and the design features of language语言的定义与特征2.the origin and the function of language语言的起源和功能3.main branches of linguistics study语言学研究的范围和内容4.important distinctions in linguistics语言学的一些重要概念的区分,Definition of language,Language is a system of a
2、rbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,Design features of language,1.arbitrariness任意性2.duality二重性3.creativity创造性4.displacement不受时空限制性/移位性,Origin of language,Divine-origin theory 神授说Bow-wow theory 汪汪理论 摹声说Pooh-pooh theory 噗噗理论 感叹说Yo-he-ho theory 呦嘿吼理论 劳动叫喊说,Functions of language,1.infor
3、mative function信息功能2.interpersonal function 人际功能3.performative function 施为功能4.emotive function 感情功能5.phatic communion 寒暄交谈6.recreational function 娱乐功能7.metalingual function 元语言功能,Definition of linguistics,Linguistics is the scientific study of language.语言学是对语言的科学研究。,Main branches of linguistics,1.ph
4、onetics 语音学2.phonology 音系学3.morphology 形态学4.syntax 句法学5.semantics 语义学6.pragmatics 语用学,Macrolinguistics,1.psycholinguistics 心理语言学2.sociolinguistics 社会语言学3.anthropological linguistics 人类语言学putational linguistics 计算机语言学,Important distinctions in linguistics,1.prescriptive&descriptive规定式和描写式 2.synchroni
5、c&diachronic 共时研究与历时研究3.langue&parole 语言与言语petence&performance 语言能力与语言运用,Chapter2 Speech sounds,1.speech organs 发音器官2.distinction,classification and the criteria of description between consonants and vowels 辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3.coarticulation and phonetic transcriptions 协同发音和语音转写,4.phonmes and allophon
6、es音位和音位变体5.phonological process,phonological rules and distinctive features 音系过程、音系规则和区别特征6.syllable structure,stress and intonation音节结构 重音和语调,Major branches of phonetics,Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学,Speech organs,The lungs（肺），the tracheatrek(气管),the t
7、hroat（咽喉）,the nose and the mouthThe mouth:the tongue,the palate plt(颚)The throat:pharynx frks(upper)(咽),larynx lrks(lower)(喉头)The vocal tract(声道):the pharynx,mouth,and noseThe mouth:the oral cavity(口腔)The nose:the nasal cavity(鼻腔),Table 2.1 A chart of English consonants,English vowels(RP),Four basic
8、 requirements for the description of vowels 1)the height of tongue raising(high,mid,low)2)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,back)3)the length or tenseness of the vowel(tense vs.lax or long vs.short)4)lip-rounding(rounded vs.unrounded),Coarticulation协同发音,anticipatory coarti
9、culation(先期协同发音).lambit is perseverative coarticulation(后滞协同发音).map,Phonetic transcription标音,Narrow transcription严式标音Broad transcription 宽式标音,Phonemes and allophones音位与音位变体,1.minimal pairs 最小对立体2.phoneme 音位3.allophones 音位变体plementary distribution 互补分布5.free variation 自由变体,Assimilation rule 同化规则,Prog
10、ressive assimilation 顺同化 mapRegressive assimilation 逆同化 lamb,Suprasegmental features超音段特征,Syllable音节Stress重音Tone声调Intonation语调,The syllable structure,音节 Onset 节首 Rime韵基 Nucleus节核 Coda节尾 k r k t,Chapter 3 From morpheme to phrase,1.the formation of word词的构成2.the classification of word 词的分类3.word forma
11、tion（1）：from morpheme to word构词法1：从词素到词4.word formation（2）：lexical change 构词法2：词汇的变化,The formation of word词的构成,1.morpheme 词素2.free morpheme 自由词素3.bound morpheme 黏着词素4.root 词根5.stem 词干6.affix 词缀7.inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折词缀与派生词缀,The classification of word 词的分类,1 variable and invari
12、able words可变词与不变词2 grammatical(functional)and lexical(content)words词汇词和语法词3 closed-class and open-class words 封闭类词和开放类词4 word class词类,Word formation(1):from morpheme to word构词法1：从词素到词,1.inflectional morphology 屈折构词2.derivational morphology(root+affix)派生构词（其中包含compounding(word+word)）,Word formation(2
13、):lexical change构词法2：词汇的变化,1.Invention 新创词语2.Blending 混拼词3.abbreviation(clipping)缩写词4.Acronym 首字母缩写词5.Back-formation 逆构词法6.Analogical creation类推构词7.class shift 词性变换8.Borrowing 外来词,Chapter 4 From Word to Text,1.Syntactic relations句法关系2.Grammatical construction and its constituents语法结构与成分3.Syntactic f
14、unction句法功能4.Category 范畴5.Phrase,clause and sentence6.Recursiveness递归性7.Beyond the sentence,Definition of syntax,Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationship between elements in sentence
15、structures.句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。,Syntactic relations句法关系,1.positional relation位置关系2.relation of substitutability替代关系3.relation of co-occurrence同现关系注意每种关系的不同名称及举例,Functional approach功能学派,Identification of Subject,Predicate,(predicator)Object.,The structural approach结构主义学派(Saussure),IC Anal
16、ysis:Immediate Constituent Analysis直接成分分析法Tree diagram树形图Endocentric and exocentric constructions向心结构与离心结构（有无head）Coordination and subordination并列与从属（有几个head）,Traditional approach传统学派,Number数(singular,plural,dual etc.)Gender 性(masculine,feminine,neuter)Case 格(accusative宾格,nominative,主格dative与格 etc.)
17、Agreement 一致性(anaphoric前照应,head and its dependent与中心词的一致,verb and subject 主谓一致),Phrase,clause and sentence,Phrase&word groupClause(finite&non-finite,coordinate and subordinate clause)Sentence,Recursiveness 递归性,Conjoining并列 Embedding从属,Beyond the sentence,Sentential connection句子Cohesion 衔接Cohesion is
18、 a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax.It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text,and defines it as a text.,Cohesive devices衔接手段,conjunction连接词ellipsis省略lexical collocation词汇搭配lexical repetition词汇重复reference所指substitution,替换 etc.,Chapter 5 Meaning,1.Leechs
19、seven types of meaning2.referential theory指称论3.sense relations涵义关系4.sense relations between sentences句子之间的涵义关系ponential analysis语义成分分析法6.sentence meaning,Leechs seven types of meaning,1.conceptual meaning概念意义2.connotative meaning内涵意义3.social meaning社会意义4.affective meaning情感意义5.reflected meaning反射意义6
20、.collocative meaning搭配意义7.thematic meaning主位意义,Referential theory指称论,1.definition The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or stands for,is known as the referential theory.将词的意义和它所指或所代表的事物联系起来的意义理论叫做指称论。,Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference涵义和所指,Sense r
21、elations 涵义关系,1.synonymy同义关系2.antonymy反义关系3.hyponymy上下义关系4.polysemy一词多义5.homonymy同音/同形异义关系,Sense relations between sentences,1.synonymy同义关系2.inconsistency不一致关系3.entailment蕴含关系4.presupposition预设关系5.contradiction自相矛盾6.semantic anomalynmli语义异常,Componential analysis语义成分分析法,Componential analysis is a way
22、 proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.This approach is based on the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called semantic components,semantic features or semes.,father:PARENT(x,y)&MALE(x)x is a parent of y,and x is male.take:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x
23、,y)x causes x to have y.give:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)x causes x not to have y.die:BECOME(x,(ALIVE(x)x becomes not alive.How about“Kill”?kill:CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(ALIVE(y)x causes y to become not alive.,Sentence meaning,An integrated theory综合理论Logical semantics逻辑语义学（propositional logic命题逻辑）（predicate logic 谓
24、词逻辑）,Chapter 8 Language in use,1.sentence meaning and utterance meaning2.speech act theory言语行为理论3.conversational implicature会话含义理论,Speech Act Theory言语行为理论,Performatives and constatives施为句和叙事句Theory of illocutionary act行事行为理论Locutionary act发话行为Illocutionary act行事行为/言外之意Perlocutionary act取效行为,Conversa
25、tional implicature会话含义理论,Cooperative principle（CP）合作原则Characteristics of conversational implicature 会话含义的特点,Maxims of CP:QUANTITY 数量准则 1.Make your contribution as informative as is required.（使你的话语按照当前的交谈目的所要求的那样信息充分）2.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.（不要使你的话语比所要求的信息更充分
26、）QUALITY 质量准则 Try to make your contribution one that is true.（设法使你的话语真实）1.Do not say what you believe to be false.（不要讲明知是虚假的话）2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.（不要说没证据的话）,RELATION 关联/关系准则 Be relevant.（要有关联）MANNER 方式准则 Be perspicuous.（要清晰）1.Avoid obscurity of expression.（避免晦涩）2.Avoid ambiguity.（避免歧义）3.Be brief.（要简练）4.Be orderly.（要有序）,Characteristics of converstaional implicature,Calculability可推导性Cancellability 可取消性Non-detachability 不可分离性Non-conventionality 非常规性,
