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1、速成英语语法,2,+跨文化交际能力,开 场 白,学习英语要达到六会：,听、说、读、写、译,“六会”离不开语法,语法是使用语言的规则,语法有两大关键：,句型 骨架,动词 心脏,4,内 容 提 要,一、句子的骨架：句型 1.五种基本句型 2.基本句型的变式 3.基本句型的扩大 4.基本句型的并列 5.基本句型的省略、倒装 二、句子的心脏：动词 1.动词的类别与句型的关系 2.牛津词典和朗文词典的动词句型密码 3.无师自通：借助牛津词典的动词句型密码 造句、判别句子正误 4.无师自通：借助朗文词典的动词句型密码 造句、判别句子正误 5.结语：英语语法规则繁杂，如何快速掌握？,5,英语句子有长有短，有
2、简有繁,从现象看，似乎千变万化，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。,6,千千万万的英语句子，都可以归纳成五种基本句型 及其 扩大、并列、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的 基础。,7,英语五种基本句型 基本句型（一）S V 基本句型（二）S V P 基本句型（三）S V O 基本句型（四）S V o O 基本句型（五）S V O C 说明：S（subject）=主语 V（predicate verb）=谓语动词 P（predicative）=表语O（direct object）=直接宾语o（indirect object）=间接宾语 C（complement
3、）=补语,8,在本句型里，V=不及物动词,1.历史在前进。2.太阳升起来了。3.敌人投降了。4.正下着雨呢。5.管它呢！6.那不行。,基本句型（一）,9,在基本句型里，V=连系动词，如 be,become,get,fall,sound,go,come,grow,turn,feel,seem,look,appear,remain,run,prove,smell,taste,continue 等。,1.我们是学生。2.她二十岁。3.他显得很高兴。4.天渐渐黑了。5.她的脸变红了。6.婴儿睡着了。,基本句型（二）,10,在本句型里，V=及物动词,1.我们热爱祖国。2.劳动创造了人。3.这消息使我们感
4、到惊奇。4.没有人回答我的问题。5.孩子们过得很愉快。6.工人们挖了一个深洞。,基本句型（三）,11,在基本句型时里，V=双及物动词。o 一般指人，O一般指事或物。能带双宾语的这类动词,如 give,ask,tell,sing,send,wish,cause 等。,1.她给我们唱了一首歌。2.他问我一个问题。3.我寄给他一封信。4.我们祝他成功。5.它给我造成麻烦。6.那女孩给小学生们讲了一个故事。,基本句型（四）,12,1.我们叫他老王。2.他们把一切都准备好了。3.他把门漆成绿色。4.她把头发剪短了。5.我们选他当班长。6.我把总数凑成五十。,基本句型（五）,在本句型里，V=及物动词，C
5、补足 O 的内容。能带宾语 O 和补语 C 的及物动词如 call,make,keep,prove,elect,get,cut,find,leave,turn,think,name,paint 等。,13,注意比较 S V o O I sent him a letter.人 物 S V O C I called him Lao Wang.人 指同一个人,14,句子成分和词类的一般对应关系,15,基本句型的变式 1.否定句 2.疑问句 3.被动句 4.There+be 句,16,1.否定句,S V They have come They have not come S V P He is a t
6、eacher He is not a teacherS V O He can speak English He cannot speak EnglishS V o O We shall write them letters.We shall not write them letters.S V O C He has made his meaning clear.He has not made his meaning clear.,17,2.疑问句,S V They have come Have they come？S V P He is a teacher Is he a teacher?S
7、V O He can speak English Can he speak English？,S V o O We wrote them letters Did we write them letters?S V O C He made his meaning clear.Did he make his meaning clear?,18,S V O They welcomed the visitors.The visitors were welcomed(by them).,S V o O They gave him a warm welcome.He was given a warm we
8、lcome(by them).,S V O C The worker painted the tractor red.The tractor was painted red(by the worker).注意：只有这 3 种句型才能变为被动句，因为其中的 V 是及物动词。,3.被动句,19,4.There+be 句,There be 句：基本句型（一）S V 的变式,否定式 There isnt anybody in the room There is nobody in the room,疑问式,Is there anybody in the room?,There happened to
9、be somebody in the room.There came a knock at the door有敲门的声音。,V不用 be，而用 seem to be，happen to be,come等,There is somebody in the room.V S,20,以下内容提要：基本句型的扩大与并列基本句型：SV,SVP,SVO,SVoO,SVOC 单词 充当基本句型的成分基本句型的扩大（一）：短语充当基本句型的成分基本句型的扩大（二）：从句充当基本句型的成分 句的接榫 主从句：“句中有句”基本句型的扩大（三）：增加修饰语（单词、短语、从句）基本句型的并列：句与句并列 并列句：“句
10、外有句”,21,基本句型的扩大（一）基本句型的成分：从单词扩大为短语,S/O=名词、代词 不定式、不定式短语主/宾 动名词、动名词短语P/C=名词、形容词 介词短语表/补 不定式、不定式短语 分词、分词短语 V=动词 动词短语动,22,基本句型的扩大(一)：基本句型成分=短语,She often pays attention to oral practice.（动词短语作动词）S V O,I saw him at work in the lab.（介词短语作补语）S V O C,Her wish is to study English in Britain.S V P（不定式短语作表语）,Yo
11、u should practise speaking English regularly.S V O（动名词短语作宾语）,We heard someone knocking at the door.（分词短语作补语）S V O C,23,主语从句：用从句作基本句型的主语 S 主语的逐步扩大：单词 短语 从句 The time for the meeting is still under consideration.（名词当主语）When to hold the meeting is still under consideration.（不定式短语当主语）When we should hold
12、the meeting is still under consideration.S s v o（从句当主语）,基本句型的扩大(二)：基本句型成分=从句“句中有句”,24,2.表语从句:用从句作基本句型的表语 P 表语的逐步扩大：单词 短语 从句 The question under discussion is the site S V P for the new house.（名词当表语）The question under discussion is where S V to build the new house.（不定式短语当表语）P The question under discus
13、sion is where S V we should build the new house.（从句当表语）P s v o.,25,3.宾语从句:用从句作基本句型的宾语O 宾语的逐步扩大：单词 短语 从句 I know my duty.（名词当宾语）S V O I know what to do.（不定式当宾语）S V O I know what I should do.(从句当宾语)S V O o s v,26,基本句型的扩大（三）增加修饰语,修饰语 M=单词（形容饲、副词和数词）=短语（介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语）,举例：基本句型增加修饰语基本句型（一）S V 增加修饰语,In 19
14、45,the enemy surrendered(M）S V unconditionally to the Chinese people.(M）,27,基本句型（二）S V P 增加修饰语,基本句型：This was a meeting S V P 扩大：This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting S V(M)(M)P This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting S V(M)(M)P in the packed Town Hall,with Mr.Strong
15、 in the chair.(M)(M),28,基本句型（三）S V O 增加修饰语,基本句型：The girl expressed her wish.S V O,扩大：The Negro girl expressed her strong wish to come to China.（M）S V（M）O（M）,In her letter to a Chinese friend the Negro girl expressed(M)(M)S V her strong wish to come to China to see the Great Wall(M)O(M)(m)with her ow
16、n eyes.(m),29,基本句型（四）S V o O 增加修饰语,基本句型：The girl told the pupils some stories S V o O,Last Saturday,the girl told the pupils of Class Two some(M)S V o(M)revolutionary stories about the combat heroes.(M)O(M)Last Saturday,the girl told the pupils of Class Two some(M)S V o(M)revolutionary stories about
17、 the combat heroes fighting Japanese(M)O(M)(m)aggressors in the War of Resistance Against Japan.(m),30,基本句型（五）S V O C 增加修饰语,基本句型：We found the hall full.,扩大：We found the great hall full of students and teachers S V(M)O C(M)listening to an important lecture.(m)We found the great hall full of students
18、and teachers S V(M)O C(M)listening to an important lecture given by Professor Li(m)(m)on modern science and technology.(m),S V O C,31,基本句型的扩大（三）增加修饰语：从句定语从句：用从句作基本句型的定语 M,A completely unselfish man always works M S V for the people heart and soul.（形容词作定语）A man being completely unselfish always works
19、 S M V for the people heart and soul.（分词短语作定语）A man who is completely unselfish always works S M s v p v for the people heart and soul.（从句作定语）,32,状语从句：用从句作基本句型的状语 M,I will do it immediately.（副词当状语）S V O M I will do it at once.（短语当状语）S V O M I will do it as soon as I can.S V O M s(v o)(从句当状语）,33,基本句型
20、的并列：并列句,基本句型+基本句型+=并列句 I must be going,or Ill be late.S V+S V P Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas S V O C+conceit makes one lag behind.S V O C,34,基本句型的省略、倒装及 it 的用法,1.基本句型成分的省略,*省略主语：(I)Thank you.,*省略谓语动词：Some of the guests spoke English,others(spoke)French.,*省略表语：Are you free?Yes,I am(free).,
21、*省略宾语：Will you do it?Ill try(to do it).,*省略主语和谓语动词（或谓语动词的一部分）（Have you）Any questions?,35,2.基本句型语序的倒装,*表示祝愿的句子：Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,*表示感叹的句子：What a beautiful sight it is!,*为了强调否定：Never shall I forget the days when we were together.,*以 so,nor,neither 开始的句子：As the thoughts are,so wi
22、ll the acts be.,*其他倒装：Only in this way can we succeed.,36,“It”的用法,1.非人称“it”,*指天气、大气状况等：It is snowing.,*指时间：What time is it?,*指距离：Its five miles to Xiamen University.,*指模糊、笼统的一般情形：Thats it!,37,2.引词“it”,It=形式主语 S：It is dangerous to play with fire.（It 代替不定式短语）It is dangerous playing with fire.（It 代替动名词
23、短语）It is dangerous that the boy often plays with fire.S V P（It 代替名词性从句）It=形式宾语 O：We think it dangerous to play with fire.（不定式短语）We think it dangerous playing with fire.（动名词短语）We think it dangerous that the boy often plays with fire.S V O C（名词性从句）,38,It was I who(that)met him by chance there yesterda
24、y.（强调主语）It was him that(who)I met by chance there yesterday.（强调宾语）It was by chance that I met him there yesterday.（强调方式状语）It was there that I met him by chance yesterday.（强调地点状语）It was yesterday that I met him by chance there.（强调时间状语）,强调词“it”I met him by chance there yesterday.S V O M M M,39,句子的心脏：动
25、词,动词的类别与句型的关系不及物动词：基本句型（1）S V连系动词：基本句型（2）S V P单及物动词：基本句型（3）S V O双及物动词：基本句型（4）S V o O复合及物动词：基本句型（5）S V O C,40,速成英语语法：利用牛津和朗文词典动词密码,牛津词典 Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary(1974)根据谓语动词的类别及其与其它词语的搭配习惯,把英语用 谓语动词造句的型式(verb pattern)归纳为25型,用数码表示；朗文词典Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(1978)根据词的语法特征和
26、搭配习惯归纳出Table of Codes，共80 型语法代码，以表中字母（横列）+数字（纵列）的交叉 代码显示，附在词典的后衬页。后来两部词典都对此作了修订和改进:牛津词典(OALD,2002)根据词的语法和语用特征把用谓语 动词造句的型式(Verb Pattern Scheme)归纳为32型，用缩略字母表示，附在词典的后衬页；朗文词典(LDOCE,1998)归纳出一套 Grammar Codes，共25型语法代码，用缩略字母表示，对词的语法特征和 具体用法加以详细注明，附在词典的后衬页。,41,Hornby:Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary,牛津词典动
27、词句型（词典后衬页）举例：如何使用词典的动词句型密码？词典密码I=主语+不及物动词 She is reading.S V词典密码La=主语+连系动词+形容词 The soup was delicious.S V P词典密码Tn=主语+及物动词+名词 The boy opened the door.S V O词典密码Dnn=主语+双及物动词+名词+名词 He taught the children English.S V o O词典密码Cna=主语+复合及物动词+名词+形容词 The fridge keeps the beer cool.S V O C,42,牛津词典动词句型的扩大与变化,词典密
28、码Ipr=主语+不及物动词+介词短语 They are talking about the traffic.S V m词典密码Tg=主语+及物动词+动词-ing He enjoys playing football.S V O词典密码Tf=主语+及物动词+that-从句 We believe that Linda is right.S V O svp词典密码Tw=主语+及物动词+wh-从句/短语 Ill decide what well do/what to do.S V O osv词典密码Cng=主语+复合及物动词+名词+动词-ing The policeman got the traffi
29、c moving.S V O C词典密码Dnw=主语+双及物动+名词+wh-从句/短语 I told Bob where he should go/where to go.S V o O sv,43,无师自通：借助牛津词典的动词句型密码 造句、判别句子正误,DreamI=主语+不及物动词 I never dream.Ipr=主语+不及物动词+介词短语 I dreamed of becoming a singer.Tn=主语+及物动词+名词 Whod have dreamed it?Tf=主语+及物动词+(that)-从句 I dreamed(that)I was flying to the m
30、oon.错误：I dreamed to fly to the moon.因为：牛津词典的动词 dream 没有动词句型密码Tt即dream没有“主语+及物动词+to-不定式”这样的句型,44,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,朗文词典语法密码（词典后衬页）举例：如何使用词典的语法密码？词典密码+to-v=词后面加 to-不定式 I want to leave early today.It is an attempt to reach an agreement.We are ready to go.词典密码v+v-ing=动词 后面加 动词-i
31、ng I like playing football.We watched them playing football.词典密码+that从句=词后面加 that-从句 We read that oil prices were going down.词典密码+wh-=词后面加 wh开头的词 或 how He didnt know what to do./how to do it./where to do it.This is the reason why I was so late./Im not sure where to go.,45,无师自通：借助朗文词典的动词句型密码 造句、判别句子正
32、误,DreamI=主语+不及物动词 I never dream.I(of,about)=主语+不及物动词+of/about I dreamed of becoming a singer.T+obj/(that)=主语+及物动词+宾语/(that)-从句 Whod have dreamed it?I dreamed(that)I was flying to the moon.错误:I dreamed to fly to the moon.因为:朗文词典的动词dream没有动词句型密码T+to-v 即dream没有“主语+及物动词+to-不定式”这样的句型,46,名词、形容词、副词等也有造句规则,
33、除了动词之外，名词、形容词、副词等也有造句规则。不管英语句型如何划分，一般都可从其结构形式找出 一定的规律，并在词典里加以编码，附在单词之后，以供造句时仿效。如：C可数名词：book,student(s),dictionaryU不可数名词：milk,information,newspred仅作表语的形容词：He is asleep.attrib仅作前置定语的形容词：sheer nonsenseafter n可在名词后面加 形容词、副词、名词：a piece of wood three inches thick 语法的复杂性：一词多用，一词多类，一词多义 因而一词也可能兼有多组密码，必须按照一个动词的不同密码造出不同的句型,47,结语：英语语法规则繁杂，如何快速掌握？,千头万绪，掌握根本：句型、动词句型是句子的骨架，骨架造好，才能成句句型是由动词决定的：用什么样的动词，就要造什么样的句型因此，动词必须编码，按照密码造句不按照密码造句，就不合语法，就是错误句型、动词的用法是首要的：其错误扣分最重句型是骨架，动词是心脏如果一个人的骨架不成形，还能像人吗？如果一个人的心脏不会跳，还能活吗？,谢谢大家,
