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1、,1.加词 212（加词不加意）2.减词 212（减词不减意）3.换词 2231（变换符号不变换意思）4.移词 1221（前后移位）5.分译 422（一分为二）6.合移 224（合二为一）7.深化 1224（具体化）8.浅化 2412（抽象化）9.等化 2222（寻求灵活对等）10.一分为四 41111(莎士比亚戏剧中的woe译成“悲欢离合”)11.合四为一 11114（鲁迅的“管它冬夏与春秋”译成 I dont care what season it is.),.Annotation(加注)Due to social and cultural differences,some English
2、 meanings dont exist in Chinese language.In such situation,annotation is usually necessary to translate E-C.For example：Sauna 桑拿浴(芬兰式的一种蒸气浴)AIDS(获得性免疫缺损综合症)The professor rapped on his desk and shouted:“Gentlemen order!”The entire class yelled,“Beer!”(order 既可表示“安静”，又可表示“点菜”)He did it a Jordon.他投篮球像飞
3、人乔丹那样棒。(乔丹：全名叫Michael Jordon,是美国NBA职业篮球巨星),:“八股文”eight-part essay(a literary composition prescribed for the imperial civil service examination,known for its rigidity of form and poverty of ideas)“西岳”the Western Mountain(another name for Mount Hushan in Shaanxi Province)-“false friend”不冻港(误)non-freez
4、ing port(正)ice-free port流动资金(误)circulating funds(正)working capital拳头产品(误)fist product(正)knockout product买一赠一(误)Buy one,present one.(正)Buy one,get one free.,.Paraphrase(释义)Paraphrase refers to giving up the original expression manner,and taking interpretative approach to do translation.In translation
5、 of words with distinct national colors(such as proverbs,stories,unconventional arrange in pairs or groups),if readers cant understand the version by literal translation,paraphrase is the just way to do it.释义是指舍弃原文的具体表达形式和比喻形象，采取解释性的方法译出原文的意思。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语(如成语、典故、超常规搭配)时，如果直译不能使译文读者明白其意思，可采用释义法将原
6、文的意思传达出来。,Bills new girlfriend is certainly a knockout.比尔新结识的女朋友确实是个迷人的姑娘。I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是不是内奸。He was smooth and agreeable.他待人处事，八面玲珑。His best jokes fell flat.他那些最能逗人乐的笑话都不灵了。Nothing,whether a weighty matter or small detail,was over-looked.事无巨细，无一遗漏。The more you try to hi
7、de,the more youre exposed.欲盖弥彰。,Exercise:We still love each other very much,but we fight like cat and dog 我们经常吵吵闹闹，但仍很相爱。His fury was exaggerated.他大发雷霆，未免小题大做。He acts a lot older than his years.他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。,.Amplification(增词)-Nothing happened in the night.译文一：夜间什么事也没发生。译文二：这一夜风平浪静，什么事也没发生。-Away fl
8、ies the arrow!译文一：箭飞走了！译文一：箭嗖得一声飞走了！嗖！箭飞走了！,Because of different expression ways of English and Chinese,it often needs to add proper words when doing translation.The version could not only be faithful to the source messages content and style,but also be tally with expression habits.由于英汉两种语言文字之间存在巨大差
9、别，在翻译过程中很难做到字词句上的完全对应。因此，为了准确传达出原文的信息，往往需要对译文作一些增减。所谓增译，就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使译文在语法、语言形式上符合汉语的习惯并使译文在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文保持一致，以达到译文与原文在内容、形式和精神方面对等起来的目的。这里的增加不是无中生有的增加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其意部分,In need of grammar 为了语法上的需要 By supplying quantifiers(增补量词)e.g.-All she sees is a forest.她所看见的只是一片森林。-I was extre
10、mely worried about her,but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。Exercise:an elephant a pen a plane a martial music,By supplying adverbs(增补副词)English verbs have inflections,but in Chinese,verbs arent equal manifestation.So we need incre
11、ase words which have the meaning of tense,person and mood.英语的时间概念主要通过动词词形变化来表示，而汉语动词没有词形变化，其时间概念主要靠副词表示。因此英语句子中的动词译成汉语时，有时应增加有关副词。如：“现在、过去、曾经、原先、当初、刚才”等等。,Exercise:Yesterday evening I had seen her on her keens in front of the house.昨晚我曾看见她跪在房前。They are leading a happy life.他们现在过着幸福的生活。Then the whole
12、 course of my life might have been different.如果真是那样的话，我的生命路程也许会是另一番景象。,Since the industrial revolution began,the physical science has in general been in the forehead of the science movement.自从工业革命开始以来，物理学总的来说一直处于科学运动的前列。As Albert Einstein once said,“Life for the American is always becoming,never bei
13、ng”.正如阿尔伯特爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样：“对美国人来说，生活总是在发展变化中，从来不会静止不变”.,By supplying necessary words to convey the plural sense(增补表达复数的词)In English,countable words have singular and plural terms,but Chinese words do not.Sometimes it is necessary to add proper words in order to convey the right meaning.英语名词复数和汉语名词复数的差异：
14、英语名词复数通常是在词尾加复数词缀，而汉语则是a.在名词前加上重叠式的量词(条条道路、一丛丛白桦林、种种体制)b.使用单数形式但强调复数意思(每一家、各家企业)c.直接强调全体(所有公司),Exercise:He describes the broad streets,rows of houses,a teeming metropolis.他描述了宽阔的街道，林立的房屋和热闹的城市。The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王。She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea.她热情
15、地将客人们迎了进来，然后给他们各端上一杯茶。,By supplying the omitted part(增补原文中的省略部分)Omitted sentence is commonly used in English.If translating,we should make appropriate additions,according to the habit of Chinese expression.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep.读史使人明智；读诗使人
16、灵秀；数学使人周密；哲学使人深刻。(增补被省掉的make men),That year the Chinese yuan bought more,and the U.S.dollar less.那一年人民币可买的东西多，美元可买的东西少。(增补the U.S.dollar后被省掉的bought并增补more和less后被省掉的things),Exercise:We dont regret,we never have and will never.我们不后悔，我们从来就没有后悔过，我们将来也决不后悔。He fell madly in love with her,and she with him.
17、他疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了他。,In need of meaning(为了意义上的需要)Translating E-C,sometimes it needs increasing appropriate nouns,verbs,adjectives or adverbs,to make the version clear and unambiguous.翻译时，为了尽可能使译文的意义、语气、语态等切合原文，常常要在译文中增加一些合适的名词、动词、形容词(或是功能相当于形容词的名词)或副词，使译文意思清楚无误。-verb supplying(增补动词)e.g.Remember,it is
18、 not just your right to vote,but your patriotic duty as an American.别忘了，投票不仅仅是行使你的权利，也是你作为一个美国公民应尽的责任。,-noun supplying(增补名词)e.g.The book must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.书中的营养必须被吸收到血液中，才能对你有所裨益。At 8:30 every morning,she came to her work sweeping,scrubbing,and cleaning.每天上午8：30
19、，她都来干活-扫地、拖地板、收拾房间。,-adjectives supplying(增补形容词)Fortune knocks at every mans door once in a life,but in a good many cases,the man is in a neighboring saloon and does not hear her.每个人的一生中，幸运女神都只来敲一次门，可是许多情况下，那个受到眷顾的人竟在隔壁的酒馆里，听不见她敲门。Army will make a man of him.军队会把他早就成一个堂堂的男子汉。,-adverbs supplying(增补副词
20、)e.g.Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby.身材修长的模特袅袅婷婷地从厅中走来。As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.他一座下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地说个没完。,英语中有一些形容词以及由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时也可根据上下文在其后增加适当的词语，使译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达习惯。如：preparation 准备工作 tension 紧张关系 loftiness 崇高气节 jealousy 嫉妒心理unemployment 失业现象 backwardness 落后状态
21、落后面貌remedy 补救方法 madness 疯狂行为,有时为了意思明确还必须重复同一词语或是增补连词、承上启下的词、概括词以及上下文需要或背景需要的词语。如：We have discussed our safety and sanitary regulations.我们已经讨论了安全规则和卫生规则。(重复名词)We left so much in Vietnam-so much innocence,so many dreams,so many good men and women.我们在越南失去的东西太多 失去许许多多天真无邪的岁月，失去许许多多的美梦，失去许许多多善良的男男女女。(重复动
22、词),He had become a master of evasion:his main response to criticism is to threaten,filibuster and delay.他已是个会比问题的老手：其回应批评的主要办法是一威胁、二阻挠、三拖延。(增补承上启下的词语)“The public dont like him.Hes too quiet for them,thats the trouble.”“公众都不喜欢他。他们觉得他太安静，问题就在这儿。”(增补上下文需要的词语),The thesis summed up the new achievements m
23、ade in computers,communications and microfilm.这篇论文总结了在计算机、通讯设备以及影像微缩技术这三方面的新成就。(增加概括词语)Mary was ready to go,but first she wanted her book to be in print.玛丽准备走了，但先要目睹她那部书出版后才瞑目。(增补上下文需要的词语 如不将 to go的弦外之音“瞑目”增译出来，句意就不太清楚),3.In need of rhetoric(为了修辞上的需要)In order to make version clearly or emphasize sth
24、.,we should add appropriate descriptive words,particles,or use complicated words and the 4th words,or repeat certain words.为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调，有时需要增补适当的描述词(如名称、动词、形容词或副词等)、语气助词，或是使用叠词和四字词组，或是重复某些词语。如：The sky had turned a sullen gray.As he left the park,scattered raindrops felt like silvers of ice.天
25、空变成阴沉沉的灰色。他离开公园时，零零落落的雨点落在脸上，感觉像薄薄的冰片儿。(使用叠词),I hope that the meeting will not be too long,for it will only waste time.我希望这次会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。(重复状语)Noble families also had their own troubles.贵族家庭也有贵族家庭的苦恼。(重复名词)Where there is water,there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。(重复连词)What we want,first and foremost,is
26、to learn,to learn and to learn.我们首先需要的是：学习，学习，再学习。,Exercise:1.We have to analyze and solve problems.我们必须分析问题，解决问题。2.The letter I represents I,O owe,and U you.字母I代表“我”，O代表“欠”，U代表“你”。3.We have fulfilled our work ahead of schedule,so have they.我们提前完成了我们的工作，他们也提前完成了他们的工作。,4.He had met with great difficulty in writing his term paper.(利用叠词)他在写学期论文时，遇到了重重困难。5.Rain or shine,I will go there.晴也罢，雨也罢，我都要去。6.I had been completely honest in my replies,withholding nothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，不藏不掖。7.Wherever the sea is,you will find seamen.哪里有海，哪里就有海员。,
