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1、,语法复习,非谓语动词,to do和-ing均可在句中作主语，但-ed不能。to do通常表示具体或一次性动作，-ing表示一般或抽象的多次动作。De.g To move house requires forward planning.要搬家得先做好计划。非谓语动词作主语和状语时，若要使用其否定形式，则要将否定词放在整个非谓语动词结构之前。,_ should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.A To be not tall B Not to be tall C Being not tall D Not being tall,
2、Several students were surprised to find that instructors expect two or three hours of study for each hour _ in class.A spending B spent C to spend D to have spend,非谓语动词作定语，each hour 与 spend 为动宾关系。有些学生惊奇的发现导师希望学生在课上学习一个小时的内容在课下要用两至三个小时的时间来学习。【B】,After the First World War,the author became interested
3、in the art movement known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis,both _ her novels and short stories.A in which the influence B to have influence onC of which influence on D its influence in,to have influence on 作定语修饰both；both 及后面的部分作Surrealism and in psychoanalysis的同位语。influence为及物动词。第一次大战后，这个作家开始对超现实
4、主义的艺术运动和精神分析感兴趣，二者均对其长篇小说和短篇小说的创作产生了影响。【B】,限定词,Which one is incorrect?A All his lectures were boring.B Half his money was gone.CHer few friends are all fond of dancing.DHe invited many his friends to the party.,many为后位限定词，his/her为中位限定词。D,a)中位限定词:a(n),the,zero;this,those;my,your,etc;Merrys,my friends
5、;some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough;what(ever),which(ever),whose等 b)前位限定词包括all,both,half;double,twice,three times,etc;one-third.;what,such,(a/an)等 c)后位限定词包括one.;first.;next,last,other,another,etc;many,much,(a)few,(a)little,more,most;several,a lot of.;such等,倒装小结,句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no,not,never,s
6、eldom,little,hardly,at no time,in no way,not until 等。Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.,当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。*否定词不在句首不倒装The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.,如 Not onlybut also,Hardly/Scarcel
7、ywhen,No sooner than e.g Not only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.,以否定词开头作部分倒装,Only in this way,can you learn English well.Only after being asked three t
8、imes did he come to the meeting.如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill,does he ever stay in bed.,only在句首要倒装的情况,as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前）。*1)句首名词不能带任何冠词。2)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Boy as he was,he behaved like a girl.Try hard as he will,he never s
9、eems able to do the work satisfactorily.*让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。although,eventhough 一般不放在句中，只放句首；though可放在句中。,as,though引导的倒装句,1)so that 或 such that 句型中的so 和 such 位于句首时，需倒装。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.3)
10、在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if 省略，把 were,had,should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you,I would try it again.,其他部分倒装,What does He wisely refused to spend his money mean?A.It was wise of him to refuse to spend his money.B.He refused to spend his money in a wise manner.C.He was short of money and didnt w
11、ant to buy anything.D.He refused,in a wise manner,to spend his money.,可直接修饰refuse的adv.有firmly，flatly，gracefully，politely等。但当refuse后跟to do时，adv.修饰的就是这个动宾结构。【A】,只用 that 1.先行词是all,anything,everything,nothing等,关系代词应用that Thats all that he told me.2.先行词前有the only,the same,the very 或no,little,much,any,eve
12、ry,all 等修饰时,关系代词应用that She is the only person that I know in this company.3.先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词常用that The first thing that I want to do is to take it away.,定语从句,4.当先行词同时含有人或物时,关系代词应用that Can you see a man and his horse that are crossing the bridge?5.在固定结构the same.that.;so.that.;such.that.以及it is
13、/was.that.的强调句型中,要用that This is the same park that we once visited.6.如主句以there be开头时,关系代词应用that There is a room that has two windows.,7.当一个句子中含有两个定语从句时,如前一个已用关系代词which,后一个关系代词宜用that,避免重复。但两个定语从句的结构如果平行,应重复同一个关系代词Ill borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA did in the battles aga
14、inst the invaders.He told me to read a book that is very short,and that is very interesting.8.that还可引导同位语从句,which则不能。He told me the news that they would come to see me.,只用which1.非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用which?She was awarded a gold medal,which the whole family considered a great honour.2.关系代词前如有介词,关系代词须用whi
15、ch?如把介词移至句末,可用that(或省略)?Theres only one problem about which they disagree.This is the book(that)she was looking for.3.如果先行词是that,关系代词应用which?I have that which you gave me.,4.如先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔,常用whichLarry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.(先行词为story)5.在those+复数形式的名词结构中,其后的关系代词多用whichA shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.6.一个句子中如有两个定语从句,第一个定语从句用了关系代词that,第二个从句中的关系代词宜用which但在平行结构中,应重复同一个关系代词This is the book that you bought which you have lost.I have a house which is located on the hillside,which faces the south.,
