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1、,语法,词法,句法,词法,词类,副词,名词,代词,动词,数词,形容词,构词法,名词、冠词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、连词,可数名词、不可数名词、名词所有格、名词单复数、专有名词,人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、相互代词,基数词、序数词、分数、百分数,比较级、最高级,比较级、最高级,合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写,时态、语态、助动词、情态动词、非谓语、语气,冠词（一）不定冠词的用法：,（二）不定冠词的用法,（三）零冠词的用法：,常用介词区别,形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一
2、般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。同级比较时常常用 asas以及not so(as)as 如：I am not so good a player as you are.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,a great deal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work,the more progress you will make.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意
3、思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours.Our school is four times as large as yours Our school is four times the size of yours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。,动词,动词的基本形式,非谓语动词,动词的时态,一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时
4、、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时,动词的语态,主动语态、被动语态,动词的种类,系动词、助动词、情态动词、及物动词和不及物动词,不定式（时态与语态）动名词（时态与语态）分词：现在分词（时态与语态）、过去分词,v./v.s,ved,will+v,would+v.,had+Vp.p,have/has+Vp.p,will have+Vp.p,am/is/are+Ving,was/were+Ving,动词的时态：,1.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不
5、能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.(已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month.(只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）2.现
6、在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning.我早上一直在读那本书。,表示猜测的情态动词用法,表示猜测是情态动词的重要用法之一。Can,could,may,might,will,would,should,ought to,must是常用的表示猜测的情态动
7、词。,1.常用句式和意义,could may might,would,should ought to,will,must,+,动词原型,现在/将来可能,想必现在/过去;或 现在/过去可能.,表示,将来一定/准会,现在/将来会,现在/将来一定/肯定,1)现在或将来,have V-ed,could may might,would,should ought to,must,本来可能做,但未做,过去一定/肯定做,+,表示,过去,应该做,但未做,愿意做,但没做,虚假语气,couldcan,need,should ought to,一定没有做,+,not have V-ed,没有必要干某事,但多余的干了,
8、表示过去,不应该做某事,但做了,虚假语气,形式,作用,语法一致 原则,意义一致原则,就近一致原则,分类记忆规则联系语意解题,主 谓 一 致,重点难点,解题方法,分类,强调句句型（重难点）,句中加语气词等词汇来强调,强调,助动词do+V助动词do的形式随主语和时态而变化,特殊疑问句式 特殊疑问词be+it+that?,一般疑问句式（be动词放句首）,反意疑问句式(必须和主句一致),强调句用在名词性从句中,surely,really,certainly,definitely,utter,sheer,such,so等,倒装句,a.强调句子的主语时，要与强调句的谓语动 词一致。b.表语一般不能用这一句
9、型进行强调c.条件、让步状语从句不能强调d.强调because引导的原因状语从句，但强调的原因状语不能用as，since来引导e.可强调so that引导的目的状语从句，但不能强调so that引导的结果状语从句 f.对由until引起的短语或从句，要注意否定前移,注意,陈述句句式It is/was that/who,虚拟语气,4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整(混合时间),从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school,I would be
10、an engineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us,we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反
11、，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much,the crops would be growing much better.如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。If he had been working hard,he would be working in the office now.要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。,虚拟语气的其他用法,1、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg.I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。
12、(事实：我根本比不上你)b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done(动词过去分词）eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。（事实：原来不知道）c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词：should/would+动词原形 eg.I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了）(注：if only和as if/as though也有相同用法）,3、虚拟语气的其他用法,1、一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(
13、mand)四建议(advise.suggest.propose)五要求(demand.require.request.desire.insist)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should+动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。在表示建议、命令、要求等含义的宾语从句，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，should动词原形构成，should 可省略。如 He suggested that we(should)take the teachers advice He insisted that we(should)take the teachers advice He ordered that
14、we(should)take the teachers advice 注：insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。如：He insists he is a student.他坚持说他是个学生。这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。如：His face suggests that he looks worried.他的表情暗含着他很担心。这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary.important.im
15、possible.natural.strange.surprising.funny.right.wrong.better.a pity等。句型：It is.that 结构后的主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型 或只用动词原型。,句法,句子的种类,句子的成分,句子的类型,直接引语与间接引语,简单句,并列句,主从复合句,六个基本句型,宾语从句,表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句,状语从句,定语从句。,陈述句（肯定式、否定式）、疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）、祈使句、感叹句,主语、谓语、宾语、（直接宾语与间接宾语）表语、定语、状语,名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表
16、语从句,同位语从句,as引导,9种 时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点状语从句,复 合 句,关系词,介词+关系词,介词+which/whom,介词+where/whose+n.,复合介词短语+which,介词+which=关系副词,as与which引导非限制性定语从句 区别,suchas/the same as,限制性与非限制性,关系副词,关系代词,陈述语序,引导词,从属接连词that/whether,在句中不成分作连接代词 what/who/whom/whose/which/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever 在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定
17、语连接副词 when/where/why/how/whenever/wherever/however在句中作状语,分类,定语从句定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。,that与which,who,whom的用法区别：,as与which的区别：,名词性从句,1.add to增加，增进 add to把加进 add up相加 add up to总计，所有这一切说明 1)I dont think these facts will _ any
18、thing.2)Fifty new books have been _ the library.3)The music _ our enjoyment of the film.4)You must have made a mistake when you _ the bill _.(add up to,added to,add to,addedup)2.break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉 break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开 break off暂停，中断 break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入break into pieces成为碎片 b
19、reak out爆发 break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散 break through突破 1)The criminal managed to break _ _ the police and ran into the woods.2)When he heard the news,he broke _ and cried.3)Dont break _ while others are speaking.4)Why dont you break _ for a few minutes and have some coffee?5)When does school break _?6)
20、After harvest we break _ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.,3.bring up抚养，呕吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版 bring in引入，引进，挣钱bring back使回想起 bring down使下降，使倒下 1)The shopkeeper brought his price _ to only five dollars.2)The school has brought _ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.3)The son
21、g brought _ happy memories of our schooldays.4)Do you know what brought _ this misunderstanding?5)The kind old man agreed to bring _ the young orphan.6)We decided to bring the matter _ at the next meeting.7)The wind brought _ a lot of trees last night.8)Next month they will bring _ a new edition of
22、the book.(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)4.call on号召，拜访（某人）call at拜访、参观（某地）call for去叫某人,要求,需要 call up使回忆起,征召入伍call in召集，请某人call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不举行 1)Doctors are often called _ in the middle of the war.2)Please wait for me at home.Ill call _ you at your house at seven tonight.3)The trains cal
23、ls _ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.4)He called her name _,but she didnt answer.5)The sports meet was called _ on account of the rain.(in,for,at,out,off),e about发生，出现 come down下跌，落，降，传下来 come in进来 come into(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)come on来临/快点 come out出版，结果是 come al
24、ong一道来，赶快 come to达到(an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是 come over走过来 come up发芽，走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起 come from来自，源自 1)I come _ the book I lent you last month.2)How did it come _ that you both got lost?I thought you had a map.3)It suddenly came _ to me where I had seen the boy before.4)Com
25、e _ now,or else we shall be late.5)He came _ me like a tiger.6)The price of petrol has come _ since the beginning of this year.7)The word came _ use many years ago.8)When the examination result came _,he had already got a job.9)The bill came _ over a thousand dollars.10)I sowed the seeds over a mont
26、h ago,but they havent come _ yet.(for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up),6.cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削减 cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系 cut up连根拔除，切碎 through剪断，凿穿 cut out删（省）掉，戒掉 cut in插嘴 1)Dont cut _ this tree.It will be very shady in summer.2)You must cut _ the number of cigarettes you smoke,or it will cause
27、illne 3)We decided to cut _ the moor（旷野）to the village.4)Cutting the tree _ means cutting the tree into pieces.5)The electricity was cut _ when the lady refused to pay the bill.6)We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut _.（down,down,across,up,off,in）7.die of(disease/hunger/grief/old age)死
28、于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）die from死于（意外事故、情形）die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种 die down(炉火)渐熄 die off逐一死去,8.fall behind落后 fall over ones feet 跌跤 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall back撤退，后退 1)Babies often fall _ when they are learning to walk.2)Our team seems to have fallen _ the others.3)As soon as the enemies fell _,the people retur
29、ned to their village.4)She fell_ the bench and had her leg broken.（down,behind,back,over）9.go in for从事，喜爱，参加 go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查 go up（价格）上涨，建造起来 go after追捕，追赶 go against违反 go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去 go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go with相配，陪同 go without没有，缺少 go out外出，熄
30、go all out全力以赴 go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应 go back on背约，食言 go beyond超出 1)Many new factories have gone _ in the past few years.2)Rents have gone _ greatly recently.3)Many years have gone _ since we first met.4)Lets continue our journey until the sun goes _.5)His actions went _ the will of the people,6)I c
31、ant do it,for it goes _ my duty.7)Over 100 students went _ this entrance examination.8)The bomb went _ and killed ten people.9)The buyer went _ the car carefully before reaching a decision.10)This tie doesnt go _ my blue shirt.11)If you think you can solve the problem,go _.12)Many students went _ pl
32、aying basketball.,10.get down下来，记下，使沮丧get down to致力于，专心于 get on进展，进步，穿上，上车 get off脱下,下车 get in收集，插（话）get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假 get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 get along with进展，相处 get up起床 get through打通电话，完成，通过 get round消息传开 get close to sth.接近，几乎 get into(trouble)get to(know)get back取回，收回 get out 1)She spoke so fas
33、t that I couldnt get _ what he said.2)We will find ways to get _ difficulties.3)The story has got _,and everyone knows about it.4)When I get _ with the report,Ill go to the cinema.5)After a delicious meal the two men got _ to business.6)Dont always get _ a word when others are speaking.7)It took me
34、a long time to get _ such an unpleasant experience.(down,over,round,through,down,in,over),11.give away赠送，泄露，出卖 give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 give off发出（光、热、气体）give in(to sb.)屈服 give up放弃，让（座位）1)His accent at last gave him _.2)The liquid gave _ a strong smell.3)The headmaster gave _ the names of the prize-winn
35、ers.4)The soldiers gave _ the town to the enemies.5)Who will help me to give the books _?6)Dont believe in those who give his friends _.7)After a long walk,my strength gave _.(away,off,out,up,out,away,out)12.hand in交上，提交 hand out分发 hand down流传，遗传13.hang about闲逛 hang up挂电话,14.hold back阻止，隐瞒 hold up举起
36、，使停顿 hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 hold out持续，坚持，伸出 hold down控制，镇压 1)Im sure he is holding something _.2)She managed to hold _ her emotion until her guests had left.Then she cried.3)Tell him to hold _ a moment.Ill come soon.4)Our food supply wont hold _ for more than a few days.5)The train was held _ as a result
37、 of the floods.6)These measures helped to hold _ the citys population.7)Hold _ your left arm,please.15.keep up(courage,English,spirits)保持，keep up with跟上 keep off(grass)不接近，离开 keep away from避开，不接近，离远远的 keep out of keep to(rules,promise)坚持，遵守 keep on继续，坚持下 keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下 keep from克制，阻止 1)The ang
38、ry lady told the strangers to keep _ from her.2)I can hardly keep _ my tears after hearing his words.3)Only pride kept her _ bursting into tears.4)I can scarcely keep _ asking him what he has done.5)Dont touch me,screamed the woman,Keep _!6)Keep _ until you succeed.7)Keep _ your courage,and youll su
39、cceed in the end.8)The thick coat can keep the cold _.9)Always try to keep _ the rules when you play a game.10)I cant keep _ with everything youre doing.,16.knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒knock out of把敲出 knock over撞倒 knock off停止工作，休息 1)The boxer soon knocked his opponent _.2)The office st
40、uff knocks _ at six every day.3)Try knocking _ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.4)He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked _ the car parked there.(down,off,on,into)17.leave for离开前往 leave out删去，遗漏 leave behind遗留,忘记拿走 leave to留给，遗嘱赠于 leave over遗留，剩下，延期 1)Whose name has been left _?d
41、emanded the teacher.2)When he died,he left all his property _ his niece.3)He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella _.4)Dont leave this matter _ until tomorrow.5)Leave some meat _ for tomorrow.6)Those are questions left _ by history.(out,to,behind,over,over,over),18.look up查找，向上看 look throu
42、gh翻阅，浏览 look on旁观 look onas看作 look into调查 look after/at/for 照顾/看/寻找 look out(for)当心 look about/around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回忆，回顾 look sb.up and down仔细打量某人look sb in the face/eyes直视某人 1)I spent two hours looking _ the students papers.2)Look _!There is a big hole in front.3)He too
43、k part in the game,and the rest of us just looked _ and cheered for him.4)The old man looked _ upon the days of his youth.5)She was so snobbish（势利）that she looked _ upon all his neighbours.6)The police promised to look _ the case as soon as possible.7)He looked _ but saw nobody,and he listened but h
44、ear nothing.(through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round),19.make up编造，配制，打扮，组成 make up for弥补 make into/of/from 制成 make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）make for走向，驶往，促使 1)Can you make this length of cloth _ a suit?2)I asked the driver if he was making _ London?3)My father made _ a check for me to buy the
45、camera.4)We must make the loss _ next week./He tried hard to make _ for the damage he had done.5)He made _ a story,which I found hard to believe.6)Someone is coming,but I cant make _ who it is.(into,for,out,up/up,up,out)20.pass away去世 pass by经过 pass down(on)to传给 pass through经历 pass over漠视，忽视 1)The o
46、ld clock has been passed _ to me from my grandfathers grandfather.2)The man passed _ last week in peace.3)We are passing _ difficult times.4)The secretary passed _ the details in the first part of his report.(down,away,through,over),21.pay back还钱，报复 pay for付钱，为受到惩罚，因得到报应 pay off还清 1)How much did you
47、 pay _ the dictionary?2)You should pay _ the money you borrowed from me.3)Ill pay him _ for all his crimes(罪行)against me.4)Some day,youll pay _ what you have done today.5)Has she pay _ the debt yet?（for,back,back,for,off）22.pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language/knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up hea
48、lth)pick out挑选，辨认，看出 1)I picked the information _ while waiting in the queue.2)My friend has arranged to pick me _ at 6:00.3)The patient has picked _ health during the last two weeks.4)She picked _ the most expensive pair of shoes.5)I cant pick John _ in the crowd.6)Can I pick _ VOA with this short-
49、wave radio?7)He fell down suddenly,but picked himself _ quickly.(up,up,up,out,out,up,up)pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词,23.put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下 put up with忍受 put out伸出，扑灭 put off推迟 put into放进，翻译 put away放好，存钱 put down记下，平息 put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed)put forward 提出，提前 put through 接通电话
50、put aside放到一边 put back放回 1)He put _ half his wage every week.2)The government soon put _ the revolt（暴乱）.3)Put your watch _.Its slow.4)He put _ his hand for me to shake.5).Please put me _ to Extension（分机）2.6)We put _ for night at the village inn.7)He is very proud,and he often put _ airs.（摆架子）8)We ha
