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1、Subjunctive Mood,Echo Sept.2009,传统虚拟语气,参见英语语法网,传统虚拟语气各种表达方式,He behaves as if he owned the place.Id rather you listened to me.If only I had listened to my teacher!I wish I hadnt swallowed that glass of whisky.Id be inclined to trade that car in for a new one.Would you let me have a match?She claims t
2、hat she would love to live abroad.If I could drive a car,I would teach you.If your father had caught us,he would have been furious.If it snowed tomorrow,the match would have to be cancelled.Its time you were in bed.Even though he were my brother,I would cast him out.I wish I were young again.If an A
3、ssociation member be found guilty,his membership shall be suspended and appropriate dues refunded.It is a good thing that he recognize his faults.,所有这些表示假设意义及其他非事实意义的语法手段，在传统语法书中都归入“虚拟语气”之列。这样，“虚拟语气”就显得特别复杂，给初学者带来很大困难。其所以弄得很复杂，是因为同一个动词形式往往必须纳入不同的语法范畴。例如：Its time you had a holiday.I had a meeting yes
4、terday.按照传统说法，前一个had是虚拟语气；后一个had是动词have的过去时态。,又例如：You should mind your own business.Its a pity that he should be late.The horse would not go any further.Would you mind if I opened the window?在上面两组句子中，按照传统语法，每组第一句的should/would是情态（助）动词；每组第二句的should/would却是构成虚拟语气的语气助动词。再加上should/would表示“表示过去将来时间”的意义，传统
5、语法称之为“过去将来时态”。那么，同一个动词形式should/would就应纳入三种不同的语法范畴：一曰情态（助）动词；二曰“语气”助动词，三曰“时态”助动词。一个字，晕！,其实，虚拟语气本身没那么复杂。虚拟语气作为一种特殊动词形式，在现代英语中已经濒于消失。英语残留下来的虚拟语气，实际上只剩下两种：即were-型虚拟式和be-型虚拟式，如在前页数例中出现的he were，I were，if an Association member be found guilty，以及that he recognize his faults等。即使这点虚拟式的残余也还在变化中，were-型虚拟式现在常为陈述
6、句所取代，如 Even though he was/were my brother,I would cast him out.He talks as if he was/were my uncle.I wish I was/were young again.,Be-型虚拟式现在仍常用语美国英语，而在英国英语中，除仍与用法律文书外，通常为should+不定式所取代，如：Its a good thing that he recognize his faults.在英国英语中已属古旧，比较罕见，较常见的说法是：Its a good thing that he should recognize his
7、 faults.,传统语法繁琐的根本原因：在处理方法上混淆了语法形式和意义。表示“假设意义”及其他“非事实意义”，可以用一种特殊的叫做“虚拟语气”的动词形式来表示，但这并不等于说，所有能表示上述意义的便都是动词的“虚拟语气”。,特别说明：1.为了跟传统语法的“虚拟语气”有所区别，这里把我们所要讲到的Subjunctive Mood译作“虚拟式”，而且只限于were-型和be-型。2.至于表示“假设意义”和“非事实意义”的其他手段，分别在动词的时、体形式和情态助动词的用法中处理。,Subjunctive Mood,There are two forms of the subjunctive:be
8、-subjective and were-subjunctive.The present lecture will dwell on the uses of these two subjunctive forms remnants of Old English expressing hypothetical and non-factual meanings.,be-subjective1)In certain that-clauses a)after such verbs as decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,reco
9、mmend,request,require,suggest,vote,etc We propose that somebody neutral take the chair.The general commanded that the soldiers advance immediately.He ordered that all the books be sent at once.I vote we go home.They have decreed that all this fighting end.The court decreed that the criminal be punis
10、hed.,b)after such adjectives as advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper,etc It was appropriate that this tax be abolished.Its important that he be nominated.Its absolutely essential that the secretary be appointed at once.I think
11、it advisable that a secretary be appointed at once.,c)after such nouns as decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution,etc The board has given the demand that this tax be abolished.Their decision that she wait until next week is reasonable.,This use of the the be-subjunctive is qu
12、ite common in formal style,especially in American English.This subjunctive form can sometimes be replaced by“should+infinitive”or to-infinitive,eg:He ordered that the books be sent at once.=He ordered that the book should be sent at once.=He ordered the books to be sent at once.,2)In certain adverbi
13、al clauses if,though,whatever,so long as,whether,lest,etc.This use of the be-subjective is limited to formal style,while in informal style the subjective mood or“should/may+infinitive”are used instead.If he be found guilty,John shall have the right of appeal.Though everyone desert you,I will not.Wha
14、tever be his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.So long as a volume hold together,I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance.Whether she be right or wrong,she will have my unswerving support.Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.,This use of be-subjunctive is limited to
15、 formal style,while in informal style the indicative mood or“should/may+infinitive”are used instead.Compare:If the rumor is true,everything is possible.He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen.Whatever his defense may be,we cant tolerate his disloyalty.,3)In certain formulaic expressions Th
16、e be-subjective is used in some formulaic expressions to express a wish,prayer,curse,etc.The formulaic use of the be-subjective tends to be formal and old-fashioned in style,eg:Long live the Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!God damn you!Heaven forbid!Devil take him!So be it.Suffice it to say
17、that Far be it from me to spoil the fun.He will remain here if it need be.Home is home,be it ever so homely.,Exercises:1.May our great mother land live long!Long live our great motherland!2.Let it be understood that both sides are willing to reach an agreement.Be it understood that both sides a will
18、ing to reach an agreement.3.It suffices to say that the open policy will remain unchanged.Suffice it to say that the open policy will remain unchanged.4.The ambassador will stay there if necessary.The ambassador will stay there if need be.,were-subjective The were-subjective has only one form were,w
19、hich applies to subjects of all persons,but which formally contrasts with the indicative form of was only when it is used with first and third person singular subjects.,The were-subjective is hypothetical or unreal in meaning and is used:1)In certain adverbial clauses The were-subjective is commonly
20、 used in adverbial clauses introduced by if,if only,as though,though,etc to denote an unreal condition or concession.If I were you,Id say goodbye to this guy.If only I were not so embarrassed.He behaves as if he were not nervous at all.Though the whole world were against me,I would do what I conside
21、r as right.,2)In certain nominal clauses The were-subjective is also used in normal clauses after verbs like wish,would rather,suppose,imagine,etc to denote a hypothetical situation,eg:I wish I were a bird.Id rather I were a sparrow than a snail.Suppose the universe were still.,It must be noted that
22、 in present-day English,the were-subjective with first and third person subjects is often replaced by the indicative was in less formal style.Compare:I wish I was a bird.Id rather I was a sparrow than a snail.,The were-subjective is obligatory,however,in the set expressions“as it were”(=so to speak)
23、and“if I were you”,as well as in non-introduced conditional clauses with inverted word order,eg:He is my best friend,my second self,as it were.Were it to rain tomorrow,I would stay at home in stead of going shopping.,Some few notes on ways of expressing hypothetical meanings Modern English has a num
24、ber of devises for expressing hypothetical meanings.In addition to the be-subjective and the were-subjective,we can use past tense forms of verbs and past tense modals for the same purpose.,1.Use of past tense forms of verbs The past tense forms of verbs are usually used to express hypothesis in the
25、 following contexts.,a)It is time(that)b)I would rather(that)you/he Im sure he is keeping something back.Id rather he told me the truth.They offered me this expensive wine,but frankly Id rather they had offered me some beer.c)If only If only I got the news.I wouldnt have mentioned the unpleasant top
26、ic.If only she had listened to my advice.,d)as if/as though He behaves as if he were the owner of the house.The woman talked eloquently about the accident as though she had witnessed the whole thing.e)I wish(that)I wish I could take back what I had said.I wish the sun was shining at this moment.,2)U
27、se of past tense modals The past tense modals are commonly used to express hypothesis in the following contexts.,a)In conditionals If I were you I would not miss this opportunity.If she had been invited,she would have attended the meeting.If you should refuse to appear in court,he might be held guil
28、ty.,b)In implied conditionals But for his help,I couldnt have achieved anything.In different circumstances,I might have agreed.Anyone who should do what that would be laughed at.The same thing happening in wartime would amount to disaster.Im not feeling well today otherwise I would do it myself.,c)I
29、n other contexts That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock.Oh that I could see him again!Would that she could see her son now!To think that she would marry such a nasty man!Who would have thought that the man living next door should be a hidden terrorist?The door was pushed open;who sh
30、ould come in but the woman they were talking about.He stepped into a cave and what should he see but a tigress with her baby tigers.,Key to Ex.16D,1.I would certainly take you there if need be.2.If I were to do this,I would adopt a different method.3.The president ordered that all the armed forces b
31、e mobilized at once.4.The board decided that Johnson be appointed general manager.5.If I were you,I would face up to the problem.,6.If I were in better health,I would have long left this place.7.Far be it from me to see him make a mistake.8.How I wish our factory were better equipped.9.If we werent
32、to have our test tomorrow,I would go and see a film this evening.10.It is essential that all the applicants be interviewed one by one.,11.It was suggested that another session be held to discuss the problem of inflation.12.I insisted that she stay in Shanghai for another day or two.13.The steel work
33、ers demanded that their wages be increased by 10 per cent.14.I second their motion that the discussion be put off.15.I prefer that my secretary accompany me to Beijing.,16.It has been decided that more time be allotted for extensive reading.17.Suffice it to say that without national independence there is no democracy or freedom.18.If you do not listen to my advice,so be it.19.We unanimously recommended that a neutral chairman be appointed.20.He has become,as it were,an utterly self-centred man.,
