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1、English in Traffic Engineering,Given by Li Hong,Contents,The Evolution of Transport,AVCSS Contributes toward Reducing Congestion and Improving Traffic Safety,Urban Transit Definitions,Sight Distance,Roundabout Intersection,Unit 1,Unit 2,Reinforcement in Concrete Road Slabs,Unit 6,Unit 3,Unit 4,Unit
2、5,Contents,Unit 7,Unit 8,Freeways,Unit 12,Unit 9,Unit 10,Unit 11,Translation skills,English Abstract Writing,Intersections,Road works,Bridges,The Evolution of Transport,How does transport produced and developed？What restricts the development of transportation？What are the negetive results caused by
3、various transport modes?How is the prospet of transport according to this paper?,At first there was mobility required for individuals,clans,households,and aniamls to protect them against,and to escape from,the dangers of narural disasters and tribal aggessions,and in the search for the best places t
4、o settle.,tribe traib n.部落，族群，宗族 evolution i:vlu:n n.进展，发展，演变，进化 clan kln n.宗族，部落，集团 territorial terit:rila.领土的，土地的 integrity integrtin.正直，诚实，廉正，完整 agression grenn.进攻，侵略 come into being形成，产生,As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity,transport was increasingly need
5、 to open up regions for developent,to provide access tonatural resources,to promote intercommunal trade,and to mobilize territorial defence.时间状语从句,Paragraph 1,交通运输的产生及其早期的作用,During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society,（represested today through the international family o
6、f nations）,transport as physical process of moving people and goods,thus promoting such development,continuously underwent technological and organizational changes.during 引导时间状语从句,intercontinental int,kntinentla.洲际间的，大陆间的 undergo,ndu vt.经历，经受；忍受 experiences;tests;surgery subject to 使服从；使遭受；受管制 in re
7、sponse to 响应，对作出反应,Paragraph 2,运输方式的发展与人类社会的发展相互促进,criterion kraitirinn.(批评判断的)标准；准则；规范 first and foremost首先最重要的是 unconstrainedn,knstreinda.不受约束的，不受强制的 ingenuity,indinju:tin.创造性，独创性，心灵手巧,Paragraph 3,Subsequently refined and developed,such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing t
8、ransport demand,thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.,社会发展需要高效率的交通运输,strategic strti:dik a.战略上的，战略的 strategic mobility军战略机动能力 propulsion pruplnn.推进；推进力 self-propulsion 自推进力，自我推进，自航 sturdy st:di a.坚定的；强健的；健全的 sophisticate sfistikeit vt.弄复杂；使变得世故；曲解 n.久经世故的人；精通者 cost effectiveness成本
9、效率,Paragraph 45,4:新型运输方式的产生,5:具有特殊用途的运输方式的产生,equity ekwti n.公平，公正；普通股；平衡 subsidize sbsidaizvt.资助；给与奖助金；向行贿 commodity flow商品流动 detrimental,detrimentladj.有害的；不利的n.有害的人（或物）,Paragraph 67,Although transports potential to meet effectively numerous socital mobility need improved continuously,it became evid
10、ent that such effectiveness had its price.although 引导让步状语从句,6:运输方式的发展与高投入相互制约,7:交通运输发展所导致的环境污染问题,criterion kraitirinn.(批评判断的)标准；准则；规范 first and foremost首先最重要的是 unconstrainedn,knstreinda.不受约束的，不受强制的 ingenuity,indinju:tin.创造性，独创性，心灵手巧,Paragraph 8,Subsequently refined and developed,such new technologie
11、s made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand,thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.,社会发展需要高效率的交通运输,dwindle dwindlv.减少；变小；使减少 impede impi:dvt.阻碍；妨碍；阻止 derivative dirivtivn.化学 衍生物，派生物adj.派生的；引出的 unabated,nbeitidadj.不减弱的，不衰退的 disproportion disprp:n n.不均衡；不相称 deficit d
12、efisit n.赤字；不足额 current account现金账户,The End,Paragraph 89,There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs will be reduced and environmental impacts can b
13、e kept at a minimum.,8:能源危机对运输成本及国家经济造成挑战,9:对交通运输进一步发展提出建议,AVCSS Contributes toward Reducing Congestion and Improving Traffic Safety,How does transport produced and developed？What restricts the development of transportation？What are the negetive results caused by various transport modes?How is the p
14、rospet of transport according to this paper?,At first there was mobility required for individuals,clans,households,and aniamls to protect them against,and to escape from,the dangers of narural disasters and tribal aggessions,and in the search for the best places to settle.,tribe traib n.部落，族群，宗族 evo
15、lution i:vlu:n n.进展，发展，演变，进化 clan kln n.宗族，部落，集团 territorial terit:rila.领土的，土地的 integrity integrtin.正直，诚实，廉正，完整 agression grenn.进攻，侵略 come into being形成，产生,As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity,transport was increasingly need to open up regions for developent,t
16、o provide access tonatural resources,to promote intercommunal trade,and to mobilize territorial defence.时间状语从句,Paragraph 1,交通运输的产生及其早期的作用,AVCSS Contributes toward Reducing Congestion and Improving Traffic Safety,致力于减少交通拥堵和提高交通安全的先进车辆控制安全系统,AVCS(Advanced Vehicle Control Systems)现金的车辆控制系统 congestion k
17、ndestn n.拥挤；拥塞；充血 ITS(Intelligent Transport Systems)智能交通系统 conceiveknsi:vv.构思，设想，持有，怀孕 ATMS(Advanced Traffic Management System)先进的交通管理系统 ATIS(Advanced Traffic Information System)先进的交通信息系统,In decade since then,the majority of the attention of the ITS community in general has been focused on ATMS and
18、ATIS,while the definition of AVCS has been expanded to AVCSS with the addition of and Safty to accommodate safety warning systems that are not actually control systems.,Paragraph 1,AVCSS的功能范围,investment investmnt n.投资；投入；封锁,This assumption is particularly misleading in the case of AVCSS,where the la
19、rge majority of the activity occurs within the vehicle manufacturing and supplying industries and the most advanced thinking happens within the state DoTs rathing than the U.S.DoT.,Paragraph 2,民众对ITS和AVCSS的误解,encompassinkmpsvt.包含；包围，环绕；完成 categoryktirin.种类，分类；数 范畴 longitudinal,lnditju:dinladj.长度的，纵向
20、的；经线的 lateralltrladj.侧面的，横向的 readiness redinisn.敏捷，迅速；准备就绪,This does not even capture the breadth of possibilitys that arise from varying levels of cooperation and automation within an individual user service.,Paragraph 3,AVCSS的涵盖范围及其缺憾,audibleaudibleadj.听得见的 haptichptikadj.触觉的 corrective krektivadj
21、.矫正的；惩治的 truck lane卡车道；载重汽车车道 departure dip:tn.离开；出发；违背;启程,Warning systems can provide audible,visible or haptic(touch)cues to alert the driver to potentially unsafe conditions,after which the driver need to take corrective action to avoid the hazard.,Paragraph 4,警告系统的使用状况,portionp:nn.部分；一份；命运 adapt
22、ivedptivadj.适应的，适合的 cruisekru:zn.&v.巡航，巡游，漫游 brakebreikn.&v.闸，刹车；阻碍 high-end高档，高端,These have not yet been introduced in public road applications,but they are carryinig millions of passengers every day in airport people movers and a variety of urban transit systems(Vancouver,Parise,London,Tokyo,Lyon
23、and Lille).,Paragraph 5,控制援助系统的使用状况,Paragraph 6,全自动系统的使用状况,autonomous:tnmsadj.自治的；自主的；自发的 derivediraivv.源于；得自；起源 sensersensn.传感器，敏感元件；感知者,Paragraph 7,车辆协作系统的使用状况,Paragraph 8,美国国家运输部的对车辆协作系统的贡献,autonomous:tnmsadj.自治的；自主的；自发的 initiativeiniitivn.主动权；首创精神 sponsorspnsvt.&n.赞助（者）；发起（者）,tagtv.加标签于 identifi
24、ableaidentifaibladj.可辨认的；可认明的 rader reidn.雷达 modulation,mdjuleinn.电子 调制；调整 infrared,infrredn.&adj.红外线(的)taillightn.尾灯 fluorescencefluresnsn.荧光；荧光性 stripingstraipiv.给加条纹 discriminationdis,krimineinn.歧视；区别，辨别；识别力 modestmdistadj.谦虚的，谦逊的；适度的 targett:itvt.把作为目标；规定的指标 infrastructureinfr,strktn.基础设施；公共建设 i
25、n-vehicle车上的，车载 sensingsensin.传感；感觉,Paragraph 9,This project has considered concepts for both passive and active tagging of vehicles and roadsid objects so that they can be more clearly identifiable by automotive radars,as well as technologies such as modulation of infrared LED taillights for vehicl
26、e-vehicle communications and fluorescent paint striping on road surfaces to facilitate discrimination of lane position information.,Paragraph 9,车辆与道路系统间的友好感应系统项目的建立理念,The bassic concept behind this project is that a modest application of technology to target vehicles and the roadway infrastructure c
27、an significantly enhance the performance and/or reduce the cost and complexity of the in-vehicle AVCSS sensing and waring systems.,chauffeuruf,uf:n.司机，汽车驾驶员 distinctivedistiktivadj.有特色的，与众不同的 trailertreiln.拖车；挂车 tow-carn.拖车；牵引车,Paragraph 10,欧洲汽车驾驶员工程红外线跟驰系统,For example,the CHAUFFEUR project in Europ
28、e uses a distinctive pattern of infared lights on the back of trailer as the target for the following truck to follow to form an electronic tow-bar,and the two trucks also communicate with each other using a wireless link.,Paragraph 11,美国各州及日本内阁对车辆控制系统的关注,impracticalimprktikladj.不切实际的，不现实的 smart way
29、智能方式 ministryministrin.（政府的）部门；内阁 substantialsbstnladj.大量的；实质的 demonstratedemnstreitvt.证明；论证；展示 demodemun.展示；演示；示威 intersection,intseknn.十字路口；交叉口,There initial focus is on intersection collision warning,which is impractical for autonomous vehicle systems and almost certainly requires infrastructure-
30、based sensing and communication systems.,AVCSS Contributes toward Reducing Congestion and Improving Traffic Safety,What assumption is particularly misleading in the case of AVCSS?How can the definition of AVCS be expanded to AVCSS?What can control assistance systems provide?What can automation syste
31、ms provide?,Urban Transit Definition,institutional,institju:nladj.制度的；制度上的 motor vehicle机动车 surveys:vein.&v.调查，纵览，俯瞰，概述 right-of-way道路用地，路权,After defining important terms used in urban transit,the paper surveys the physical characteristics of such systems(right-of-way,vehicles,routes,stops,and perfo
32、rmance),operational procedures,and the economic and management aspects that define the capability of transit and its contribution to urban mobility.,such-urban transit its-urban transit system,Part 1,General function definitions,incidental,insidentladj.偶然的；容易发生的；附带的 routeru:tn.路线；航线；通道 in that因为 van
33、poolvnpu:ln.上下班交通车合用小组 charterttn.特许状；执照;包租 paratransitprtrnsitn.辅助客运系统（一般无固定路线或时间表）,Urban transit(also called mass transit)isa common carriers service provided for the carriage of passengers and their incidental baggage on established routes and fixed schedules at published rates of fares,and avail
34、able to all persons wishing to avail themseves of the service.,城市轨道交通（亦称公共轨道交通）是一种常见的运输服务。它建立行车路线、依据票价修订时刻表使所有人享受到有益的服务，为乘客及其携带的行李运输服务。,Part 1,General function definitions,Paratransit is a service that deviates from the preceding definition in that it may not follow fixed routes or schedules,may not
35、 be available to the general public,or both.,城市辅助客运系统不同于上述（城市轨道交通的）定义，因它不遵循既定路线和时刻表，且对富通大众来讲并不便利。,Charter service is based on contracts between a transit agency and individuals for occasional or regular hire of vehicles and drivers,is restricted to the use of the contracting party,and follows whatev
36、er route and schedule this party desires.,包租服务是基于运输代理商与个体之间签订的偶尔或者定期的汽车或司机的租赁合同而开展的，它受合同签订双方的约束，并遵循双方约定的路线和时刻表。,Part 2,Technological definitiona,high-occupancy-vehicle高载客量车辆 revenuerevnju:n.税收，收益 rolling stock全部车辆 designatesdezineitvt.指定；指派；标出；把定名为 passenger vehicle客车，客运车辆；载客车辆 chassissisn.底盘，底架 pro
37、pelprupelvt.推进；驱使；激励；驱策 combustionkmbstnn.燃烧，氧化；骚动 trolleytrlin.（美）无轨电车（英）有轨电车 trolley bus无轨电车 articulated:tikju:leitidadj.铰接式的；有关节的 v.铰接;使相互连贯 articulated bus通道式双节汽车，双节公交 commuterkmju:tn.通勤者，经常乘公共车辆往返者 haulageh:lid n.拖曳；运费；拖运 locomotiveluk,mutivn.&v.机车（的）；火车头（的）on share分摊盈亏 minglemilv.混合，交往,Part 3,
38、Service definition,adjacentdeisntadj.邻近的，毗连的 comprise kmpraizvt.包含；由组成 short-hauladj.短程的，短距离的,Local transit is service on streets or other right-of-way making frequent stops and,hence,operating at relatively low speeds,serving adjacent land uses within acceptable walking distance.,Express service is
39、 service that does not attempt to serve all land areas through which it passes,but offers faster speeds to a selected number of stops spaced more widely apart.,Unit 8 Sight Distance,视距【stopping sight distance】指的是从车道中心线上规定的视线高度，能看到该车道中心线上高为10cm的物体顶点时，沿该车道中心线量得的长度。是确保汽车刹车时应当看得见、停得住的必要短距离。它分为三种：停车视距、会车
40、视距、超车视距。停车视距：驾驶员在行驶过程中，从看到同一车道上的障碍物时，开始刹车到达障碍物前安全行车的最短距离。它由驾驶员在反应时间内车辆行驶距离，开始刹车至停车的制动距离和安全距离组成。会车视距：两辆汽车在同一条行车道上相对行驶发现时来不及或无法错车，只能双方采取制动措施，使车辆在相撞之前安全停车的最短距离。超车视距：汽车绕道到相邻车道超车时，驾驶员在开始驶离原行车路线能看到相邻车道上对向驶来的汽车，以便在碰到对向驶来车辆之前能超越前车交驶回原车道所需的最短距离。,Part 1,Forewords,adjacentpuziadj.反对的；相对的；对面的 passing sight dist
41、ance超车视距 intervalintvln.间隔；幕间休息；间距 frequent interval短时间间隔的 substantialsbstnladj.大量的；实质的；内容充实的 portionp:nn.部分；一份；命运 arterial:tiril adj.动脉的；干线的；像动脉的 compatiblekmptbladj.兼容的；能共处的；可并立的 criterialkraitirin.标准，条件（criterion的复数）pertainp:teinvi.属于；关于；适合 overtakevi.赶上，压倒，超车，突然来袭,Conversely,it normally is of li
42、ttle practical value to provide passing sight distance on two-lane urban streets or arterials.,Part 2,Stopping sight distance,instantinstntadj.立即的；紧急的；紧迫的 n.瞬间；片刻；立即 necessitatenisesi,teitvt.使成为必需，需要；迫使 traversetrvsn.&v.穿过，横穿，横贯,Stopping sight distance is the sum of two distances:the distance traver
43、sed by the vehicle from the instant the driver sights an object necessitating a stop to the instant the brakes are applied and the distance required to stop the vehicle from the brake application begins.,Part 3,Design sight distance,sufficientsfintadj.足够的；充分的 inadequateindikwitadj.不充分的，不适当的 instanta
44、neous,instnteinjsadj.即时的；瞬间的；猝发的 precludepriklu:dvt.妨碍；排除；阻止 evasiveiveisivadj.逃避的；托辞的；推托的 maneuvermnu:vv.机动，操纵 corroboratekrb,reitvt.证实；使坚固 prudentpru:dntadj.谨慎的；节俭的；精明的,However,these distances are often inadequate when drivers must make complex or instantaneous descisions,when information is diffi
45、cult to perceive,or when unexpected or unusual maneuvers are required.,Part 3,Design sight distance,prudentpru:dntadj.谨慎的；节俭的；精明的 detectditektvt.察觉；发现；探测 clutterkltn.杂乱，混乱 vt.使凌乱；胡乱地填满 substantiallysbstnliadv.实质上；大体上；充分地 initiateiniieitn.&vt.开始，创始；发起,Decision sight distance is the distance required
46、for a driver to detect an unexpected or otherwise difficult-to-perceive information source or hazard in a roadway environment that may be visually cluttered,recognize the hazard or its threat potential,select an appropriate speed and path,and initiate and complete the required safely and efficiently
47、.,Part 4,Passing sight distance for two-lane highways,cut off切断；中断；使死亡；剥夺继承权 in advance of超过；在前面 cautiousk:sadj.谨慎的；十分小心的 criteriakraitirin.标准，条件（criterion的复数),If passing is to be accomplished with safety,the driver should be able to see a sufficient distance ahead,clear of traffic,to complete the p
48、assing maneuver without cutting off the passed vehicle in advance of meeting an opposing vehicle appearing during the maneuver.,While there may be occasions to consider multiple passings,where two or more vehicles pass or are passed,it is not practical to assume such conditions in developing minimum
49、 design criterial.,Part 5,Sight distance for multiland highways,medianmi:dinn.中值，中位数；中线 prohibiten.禁止 recklessreklisadj.鲁莽的，不顾后果的；粗心的,Thus passing maneuvers that require crossing the centerline of four-lane undivided roadways or crossing the median of four-lane devided roadways are reckless and shou
50、ld be prohibited.,Roundabout Intersection,道路交叉口 两条或两条以上道路的相交处。车辆、行人汇集、转向和疏散的必经之地，为交通的咽喉。因此，正确设计道路交叉口，合理组织、管理交叉口交通，是提高道路通行能力和保障交通安全的重要方面。分为：平面交叉口、环形交叉口、立体交叉口,Paragraph 1,优先控制,traffic flow交 交通流量 traffic movement交通流动情况 priority control优先控制 continentkntinntn.大陆，洲，陆地,Where traffic flows are small then th
