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1、备考大学英语应用能力考试,第一部分 语法和词汇第二部分 翻译第三部分 写作,第一部分 语法和词汇 第一章 重点语法项目介绍第二章 多项选择题,第三部分 写作 第一章 写作介绍 第二章 写作练习,从历年考试试题分析来看，PRETCO语法(Structure)考查重点主要是：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词(动词不定式、分词和动名词)、情态动词、状语从句、定语从句、倒装句、强调句、反意问句、虚拟语气、代词、形容词和副词等。考生要对上述语法项目从概念到应用上下功夫。现就各项目的考核重点分别简单叙述如下(其中有些例句选自历年考试试题)：,第一章 重点语法项目介绍,一、动词的时态和语态考核重点：过去完成时。表
2、示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态 过去的过去。注意：过去完成时常常和before，after，until，when等引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动词的动作一般表示过去。常用句型如下：by the time(the end)of+表示过去时间的短语或句子；hardly(scarcely)+过去完成时+when+过去时；no sooner+过去完成时+than+过去时；将来完成时。表示预见或计划将来某时刻之前已完成的动作，或已存在的状态。常与before，after，until，when等连词引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动词的动作一般表示将来。常用句型如下：by the ti
3、me(the end)0f+表示将来时间的短语或句子。,现在完成时和现在完成进行时。现在完成时：表示到现在为止已完成或仍在持续的动作、状态；强调对现在的影响、联系，或表示经历、经验，即用过去发生的动作来说明现在的情况。现在完成进行时：表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在而且现在或者目前一段时间正在进行的一种时态。I _ a letter and now I will mail it.(write)I _ a letter the whole morning.(write)常用时间状语有：this day(week，month，year)，so far，for some time，up to now
4、，up to the present，all this year(month，week)等；,have written,have been writing,例句：1.He said:“I_ a lot of new words by the end of last year”(200212 B级)A)had already learnt B)would have already learnt C)have already learnt D)already learnt答案：。句中时间状语by the end of last year表明谓语动词要用过去完成时态。2.The project to
5、 clear up the polluted river_by the end of next year(20026 B级)A)is being completed B)will have been completed C)has been completed D)will have completed答案：。句中时间状语by the end of next year表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。3.The students_ their papers by the end of this month(20026 A级)A)will have finished B)have been finis
6、hing C)have finished D)will be finishing答案：。句中时间状语by the end of this month表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。,A),B),A),4.Up till now I(spend)_ a great deal of money on books，magazines and newspapers.(20036 B级)A)spent C)had spent B)have spent D)am going to spend答案：。句中的时间状语up till now要求谓语动词用现在完成时。5.Until then_ his family
7、from him for several months A)hadnt heard C)didnt hear B)hasnt heard D)hasnt been hearing答案：。句中的状语until then和for several months可以判断谓语动词用过去完成时。6Hardly _we _ the railway station when it began to rain heavily A)hadgot to B)havegot to C)didget to D)doget to答案：。“hardly+过去完成时+when+过去时”句型。,B),A),A),二、动词不定式
8、考核重点：不定式的完成式、进行式和被动式。定义：不定式是一种非限定性动词，即那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词，它可以在句中充当除谓语以外的任何成分。结构：1）to+动词原形 2）动词原形（在had better、let,make,see,feel,watch,hear，why not之后。）不定式的时态1.一般时表示不定式的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在之后发生。如：I plan to attend the meeting.2.完成时表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.,3.进行时表示不定式的动
9、作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：They are said to be working hard.4.完成进行时表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前已经发生，并且一直进行着。如：He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.不定式的语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。I wish to be sent to work in the country.Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?,例句：1.He
10、 was very sorry_ her at the airport(20026 A级)A)to have not met B)not to have met C)not to meet D)to not meet 答案：。动词不定式的完成式否定。2.Id rather read than watch television；the programs seem _all the time.A)to get worse B)getting worse C)to have got worse D)to be getting worse答案：。不定式的进行式，表示“一直是”的意思。3.Mr.Smit
11、h preferred _ heavier work to do A)to be given B)to give C)to have given D)having given 答案：。不定式的被动式。4.A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into more than ten languages in the last decade A)to have translated B)to translate C)to have been translated D)to be translated 答案：。不定式的被动完成式。,B),D),A),C),三、动词的
12、现在分词和过去分词考核重点：分词或分词短语作状语。注意：当分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语一般与句子主语保持一致。分词或分词短语作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、让步和伴随状态等；当分词或分词短语作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，便要使用分词的独立结构，即带逻辑主语的分词短语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等；分词作定语、宾语补语及表语。例句：1.The May Day Holiday _over，we must now get down to work(200112 A级)A)be B)being C)to have been D)to be答案：。带逻辑主语的现在分词短语作状
13、语，是独立主格结构。2.Thousands of products_ from crude oil are now in daily use(20036 A级)A)to make B)be made C)making D)made 答案：。分词作后置定语修饰名词。,B),D),3.I have found some articles _ the harmful effects of drinking(200312 A级)A)being concerned B)concerned C)to concern D)concerning 答案：。concerning应为宾语some articles的
14、补足语。这里宾语和宾语补足语的关系是主动的，故用现在分词。4.I stayed up all night _ to find a new solution to the problem(20046 A级)A)trying B)have tried C)try D)tried 答案：。现在分词短语作目的状语。5._ such a good chance，he planned to learn more A)To be give B)Having been given C)Having given D)Giving 答案：。被动完成式现在分词作状语表示条件。,D),A),B),四、动名词考核重点：
15、只跟动名词作宾语的动词有：admit，enjoy，include，involvepractise，excuse，postpone mind，dislike，mention，imaginesuggest，delay，miss，understand，hate，like，favor，escapedeny，consider，appreciate，avoid，risk等。例句：1.I dont mind _ all that way in such bad weather(20016 A级)A)go B)gone C)going D)to go 答案：。动词mind后面要求v一ing的形式(动名词)作宾
16、语。2.Jane always enjoys _to popular music at home on Friday evenings(20036 A级)A)listening B)being listening C)to be listening D)to listen 答案：。enjoy喜欢，后接动名词作宾语。,C),A),3.They are considering _ before the price go up A)of buying the house B)with buying the house C)buying the house D)to buy the house答案：。
17、consider后接动名词作宾语。4.Its no use _ me not to worry A)you tell B)your telling C)for you to have told D)having told答案：。Its no use+ving句型要求。这里是带逻辑主语的动名词结构。,C),B),五、情态动词考核重点：should(ought to)+have+过去分词，表示“对已经发生的事情的责备、惊奇或推测”以及表示“应该做而没有做的事情”；might(could)+have+过去分词，表示“过去可能发生而没有发生的事情”；must+have+过去分词，表示“对过去情况的推测
18、”，只用于肯定句；否定句和疑问句用cant和can；neednt+have+过去分词，表示“做了不必做的事”。例句：1.This ATM has been out of service for a few daysIt should _ last week(20046 级)A)fix B)be fixed C)have fixed D)have been fixed 答案：。should+have+过去分词，表示“应该做而没有做的事情”。2.With all this work on hand，he _ to the cinema last night A)mustnt go B)wouldn
19、t go C)oughtnt go D)shouldnt have gone 答案：。表示“对已经发生的事情的责备”。3.The classroom is in a terrible mess；it _ cleaned A)cant have been B)wouldnt have been C)shouldnt have been D)mustnt have been答案。表示“对过去情况的推测”。,D),D),A),六、定语从句考核重点：由that，as，when，where,which，whose引导的定语从句；名词、代词、数词、形容词的比较级和最高级+of+which(whom)引导的
20、定语从句；介词+which(whose，whom)引导的定语从句。例句：1.That is the very man _ house was burned down last week(20016 A级)A)his B)whose C)which D)of whom答案：。关系词whose引导定语从句，whose在从句中充当定语。2._is often the case,one third of the workers have over-fulfilled the production plan(200112 A级)A)What B)This C)That D)As 答案：。as引导非限定性
21、定语从句，指代后面整个句子。3This is the microscope _ which we have had so much trouble(20036 A级)A）at B)from C)of D)with答案：。which引导的定语从句中，可以把从句末尾的介词置于which之前。,B),D),D),4.The hotel _during the vacation was rather poorly managed(20046 A级)A)as I stayed B)where I stayed C)which I stayed D)what I stayed答案：。the hotel后面
22、是由where引导的定语从句。5All _is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life A)what is needed B)the thing needed C)for our needs D)that is needed答案：。先行词all由that引导的定语从句修饰。6The residents，_ had been damaged by the flood,were given help by the Red Cross A)all their homes B)all whose homes C)all of whose
23、 homes D)all of their homes 答案：。,B),D),C),七、状语从句考核重点：引导原因状语从句的连词：as，seeing that(由于)，in that(因为)，considering that for the reason that，now that，not thatbut that(不是因为，而是因为)等；B.引导时间状语从句的名词词组：the instant，the moment，the minute，the time，each time，every time等；引导条件状语从句的连词：as(so)long as，unless，on condition th
24、at(条件是)，providing(provided)that(假若)，suppose(supposing)that(假使)，granting(granted)that(假定)等；引导目的状语从句的连词：in order that，in case。so that等；“主语补语(表语)+as(though)+主语+谓语动词”引导的让步状语从句，句子倒装。例句：,1.We moved to London _ we could visit our friends more often(200212 A级)A)even if B)so that C)in case D)as 答案：。so that以便
25、、为了，引导目的状语从句。2.She didnt go to the cinema last night，_she had to finish her term paper(200312 A级)A)as B)if C)till D)though答案：。as这里作“由于”解，引导原因状语从句。3.You can drive your own car_ you have passed the driving test(20026 B级)A)now that B)even if C)so that D)as if 答案：。now that因为，既然，引导原因状语从句。4.Dont worry._ y
26、ou work hard，you are sure to pass the exam(20036 B级)A)As much as B)As well as C)As soon as D)As long as 答案：。as long as只要，引导条件状语从句。,B),A),A),D),5.You see the lightening _ it happens，but you hear the thunder later A)the instant B)for an instant C)on the instant D)in an instant 答案：。the instant，引导时间状语从句
27、的名词。6.Liquids are like solids_ they have a definite volume A)in that B)for that C）with that D)at that答案：。in that因为，引导原因状语从句。7.We11 visit England and Germany next year _we have enough money A)unless B)provided C)lest D)until 答案：。provided假设，引导条件状语从句。8._ for them，they traveled on A)Hard as the journey
28、was B)As journey was hard C)Hard the journey was D)The journey was hard 答案：。“主语补语(表语)+as(though)+主语+谓语动词”引导的让步状语从句。,A),A),B),A),八、虚拟语气考核重点：在表示“愿望”，“请求”，建议”，“命令”等主观意向的动词、名词、形容词、过去分词等后的从句中，要用虚拟语气，形式是：“should+动词原形”，或省去should直接用“动词原形”。这些动词、形容词、过去分词是：动词有suggest，propose，desire，request，advise，command，insis
29、t，require，order，recommend，beg，prefer，maintain(主张)，direct(命令)等；形容词有necessary，important，essentialdesirable，advisable，urgent，preferable，insistent，strange等；过去分词有suggested，proposed，demanded，required，requested，desired，ordered，recommended，insisted，asked，resolved等；名词有suggestion，proposal，advice，order，request
30、，recommendation，requirement，insistence，necessity，command等；在某些表示条件的状语从句中(if从句)；在it is(high/about)time that句型中，表示“到该干某事的时候了”，在If only引导的感叹句中，表示“但愿，该就好了”；,在with，without，but for(要不是)，or，otherwise，except for，under the condition that in the position of等介词短语中；在in order that(为了)，in case引导的目的状语从句中；在wish，woul
31、d rather后的宾语从句 例句：11.The manager of the company insisted that all the staff members_ the new safety rules(20026 A级)A)observed B)will observe C)would observe D)observe答案：。insist引出的宾语从句谓语用虚拟语气。2.I think its high time we _strict measures to stop pollution.(200212 A级)A)will take B)take C)took D)have tak
32、en 答案：。在Its highabout time后的从句动词用虚拟语气。,D),C),3._ last Friday，he would have got to Paris(20036 A级)A)Would he leave B)Had he left C)If he is to leave D)If he was leaving答案：。本句是条件状语从句，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。4.Its necessary that the problem _ in some way or other.(20016 B级)A)be settled B)settled C)is settled D)
33、settled答案：。在necessary(important)等形容词后面用虚拟语气。55.The committee members propose that the plan _ postponed for a few days(20026 B级)A)to be B)being C)be D)been答案：。动词propose后宾语从句中用虚拟语气。6.I didnt go with them to the beach yesterdayBut I do wish I_ there.(2003.6 B级)A)have been B)had been C)was D)am答案：。在wish
34、后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气。,B),A),C),B),7._ the storm，the ship would have reached its destination on time A)In spite of B)In case of C)But for D)Because of答案：。but for(要不是)介词短语后用虚拟语气。8.My suggestion is that we _ a special board to examine the problem A)will set up B)are to set up C)set up D)must set up答案：。(should)
35、set up，在名词suggestion后用虚拟语气。9.He must have had an accident，or _ then A)would have been here B)had to be here C)should be here D)would be here答案：。在or后面用虚拟语气。10.It is recommended that the project _until all the preparations have been madeA)is not started B)will not be started C)not be started D)is not
36、to be started 答案：。在过去分词recommended后面用虚拟语气。,C),C),A),C),九、倒装句考核重点:以notuntil，not，never，little，nowhere，rarely，seldom,scarcely,hardly，no sooner，in no case，at no time，on no account，under no circumstances,，by no means等引导的句子；only+副词，介词短语或状语(从句)引出的句子。例句：1.Not until I shouted at the top of my voice _the dang
37、er.(20016 A级)A)that he noticed B)he didnt notice C)did he notice D)had he noticed答案：。not until开头句子倒装。2.Not for a moment _ the truth of your explanation about the event(20036 A级)A)we have doubted B)did we doubt C)we had doubted D)doubted we答案：。否定词not置于句首，谓语用倒装结构，表示强调。3.Only by shouting at the top of
38、his voice_.A)was he able to make himself hear B)he was able to make himself hearC)he was able to make himself heard D)was he able to make himself heard 答案：。only+状语引出的句子中，用倒装。,C),B),D),完全倒装,1.There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist,seem,happen,appear,live,rise,stand等。如:,There stood a dog before him.T
39、here exist different opinions on this question.,巩固练习:1)_ a beautiful palace _ the foot of the hill.A.There stand;at B.There stands;underC.Stands there;underD.There stands;at,2(1).在以here、there、now、then等副词开头的句子里。,“Here,There,Now,Then+come(或be,go,lie,run)+主语 结构。,Here comes the old lady!Then came the ho
40、ur we had been looking forward to.There comes the bus.Now comes your turn.,如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。如:Here you are.There she comes.,(2).表示方向的副词out,in,up,down等置于句首,要用全部倒装。如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。如:,In came Mr.White.Up went the arrow into the air.Away went the boy.,2)There _.And here _.A.goes the phone;she comesB.is t
41、he phone going;is sheC.does the phone go;does she comeD.the phone goes;come she,3)Out _,with a stick in his hand.A.did he rushB.rushed he C.he rushedD.he did rush4)_ from the top of the building when the policeman pointed the gun at him.A.Jumped down the robber B.Jumped the robber down C.Down jumped
42、 the robber D.Down the robber jumped,(3).当表示地点的介词词组(如on the wall,under the tree,in front of the house,in the middle of the room等)在句首时。,At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.The soldiers ran to the building,on the top of which flew a flag.East of the lake lie two towns.Under the tree was lyin
43、g a wounded soldier.,5)Near the church _ cottage.A.was such an oldB.had a so oldC.was such old aD.is so an old,3.分词(代词)+be+主语结构。如:,Walking at the head of the line was our teacher.Such was the story he told me.,6)_,a man of achievements,deep thoughts,but with simple habits.A.Einstein was such B.Such
44、was Einstein C.Einstein was soD.So was Einstein7)_ are the days when teachers were looked down upon.A.Gone B.Go C.To go D.Going,十、强调句考核重点：强调句句型：It is(was)+被强调部分+that+其他成分例句：1.The police asked the if it was the place _ they found the lost child(200212 B级)A)which B)what C)that D)where答案：。本句的宾语句是强调句型。2
45、.It was in China _ the agreement was signed A)that B)which C)where D)what答案：。本句为强调句。,C),A),十一、主谓一致考核重点：由连词and连接两个主语，and后面的名词不加冠词，常指一个人或一个事物，谓语动词用单数，如：the secretary and principal(书记兼校长)以一ics结尾的名词表示一门学科，谓语动词一般用单数；由连词or，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also，nor等连接的两个名词或代词，其谓语采用毗邻一致的原则，即谓语动词与邻近的主语一致；如果主语
46、为单数而后面有with，together with，as well as，in addition to，more than，no less than，1ike，but，except等词引起的短语，谓语动词用单数；如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词且前面有every，each，no等词修饰，谓语动词用单数。如：Every boy and girl in this village is taught to read and write。many a(an another)+名词，more than one+名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：more than one woman was invo
47、lved in this casethe number(variety)of+名词，an amount of(a deal ofplenty of)+不可数名词，a quantity of+不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词均用单数。,例句：1.Many a boy and many a girl _ independent A、hope to be B)expects to be C)wants D)longs for答案：。many a+名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。2.Either she or I _ to blame A)is B)are C)have D)am答案：。谓语动词与邻近的主语
48、一致。3.A suitcase with shirts，trousers and shoes _ from the car.A)was stolen B)have been robbed C)has robbed D)had stolen答案：。主语为单数而后面有with引起的短语，谓语动词用单数。4.The number of people invited _ fifty，but a number of them _ absent without any reason.A)were；was B)was；was C)was；were D)were；were答案：。the number of+名
49、词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,A),D),A),C),十二、反意问句考核重点：反意问句由陈述句+简短问句组成。当陈述句中的主语是everybody，everyone,someone，no one，nobody，somebody等合成词时，疑问句主语用复数they来表示。而当陈述句中的主语是everything，nothing，anything，something时，疑问句主语用it来表示。如：Somebody came to see medid they?祈使句后面可以加一个简短问句，使句子语气变得客气些。如：Dont forget to water the flower in the gar
50、den，while I am away,will you？,十三、代词考核重点：不定代词。many，much，little，few的用法；both，either，neither用于两者之间;all,any,none用于三者以上。例句：1.I am interested in _ you told me A)all what B）all C)that D）that 答案：。表示“一切”(三者以上)用all。2.You can park on _ side of the street A)either B)any C)all D)both 答案：。指街道两边(任何一边)用either。3.A 10
