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1、Unit Nine,Sentencevariety,Unit Objectives,Sentence varietyShort compositions,Sentence variety,Different parts of a sentence Different types of sentences,Different parts of a sentence,Theme Rheme Tom broke the teapot.The teapot was broken by Tom.Last night Tom broke the teapot.,主位,述位,Different types
2、of sentences,Simple sentenceCompound sentenceComplex sentence,Simple sentence,Lights flashed.Doors banged.Buzzers sounded madly.People rushed past,eyes straight.I stood there,amazed and frightened.,The simple sentence is useful in expressing haste,excitement,exactness or simplicity of idea.,Compound
3、 sentence,You leave at once.I shall call the police.Either you leave at once,or I shall call the police.This car is newer,but that one is a better buy.Jim is afraid of this plan;so am I.Suddenly there was a blinding glare,and I fell to my knees in terror.,The compound sentence is effectively used to
4、 indicate comparison or contrast,parallel action or ideas,or action-result ideas.,Complex sentence,Mr.Lee is a famous artist.He lives in Omaha.Mr.Lee,who lives in Omaha,is a famous artist.The book(that I mean)has a red cover.You may have it(after I have read it).,The complex sentence ties together r
5、elated ideas of unequal importance.The less important ideas belong in dependent clause.,Using subordination,vary the structure and length of sentence.Avoid the exclusive use of simple and compound sentences.,Simple sentences:Nellie Melba was born in Australia.She studies singing on the continent.She
6、 eventually became famous there as a concert and operatic singer.Complex sentence:Born in Australia,Nellie Melba studies singing on the continent,where s She eventually became famous as a concert and operatic singer.,Securing Variety within the Sentence,1.Do not express every idea like this:subject,
7、verb,complement.For emphasis or clarity,shift a sentence part out of its natural order.e.g.Every cup with the handle missing,I threw away.Down the street came the marchers.,object before verb,subject after verb,2.Vary sentence beginnings.,1)Begin a sentence with there when it seems natural to do so.
8、e.g.There is nothing more to be said.2)Begin with an adj.out of its natural order or begin with an adverb.e.g.Old and feeble,the dog could scarcely walk.Hurriedly Janet stuffed clothes into a suitcase.3)Begin with a prepositional phrase.e.g.In the distance I could hear the rumble of thunder.,4)Begin
9、 with a verbal phrase.e.g.To emphasize his remark,he pounder on the desk.Having received an unexpected holiday,we were delighted.By leaving now,we should reach the park before noon.5)Begin with a dependent clause.e.g.What I could not use I stored in my locker.While Lee stood amazed,Alfred marched of
10、f down the street.,FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY,2,THINK IT OVER,Do you ever wonder“how to begin”a theme or essay?Is a theme harder to write than a paragraph?Actually,a theme is an essay a composition in which the writers one chief aim is to tell how he feels or thinks about a certain subject.As he gives
11、his impressions,moods,likes,dislikes,and viewpoints,he reveals himself to the reader.He is interested in primarily in expressing his opinions.His readers may or may not agree with him;he does not really care,for his is not,as a rule,trying to influence them.,Theme can cover any kind of idea and can
12、take many forms.The subject can be anything,important or insignificant;you might write a theme about outer space or upon a stomach-ache!A theme is no more difficult to write than is a paragraph;it is simply longer.In a theme,indeed,you have more room to develop a topic than in a paragraph more“leewa
13、y”to express yourself.Nor does a theme require special guides beyond those that pertain to a paragraph.The most important single consideration in theme writing,as in paragraph writing,is unity.,Consider a theme as an expansion of a paragraph that begins with a topic sentence and ends with a clincher
14、.Paragraphs bear the same relationship in a theme that sentences do in a paragraph.You should have no trouble developing a theme if you remember that fact.topic sentence=opening paragraph;related sentences=middle paragraph(s);clincher sentence=final paragraph.,ESSAY PARAGRAPH,_._,_._,_._._._._,_.,_.
15、_._._,_,_._._._._._._,_.,TOPIC SENTENCE,MIDDLE PARAGRAPHS,RELATED or SUPPORTINGSENTENCES,CLINCHERSENTENCE,FINALPARAGRAPH,OPENING PARAGRAPH,The Positive Meanings of Love,Wed like to share some of the positive meanings love has for us.Love means that I know the person I love.Love means that I care abo
16、ut the welfare of the person I love.Love means having respect for the dignity of the person I love.Love means having a responsibility toward the person I love.Love means making a commitment to the person I love.Love means trusting the person I love.Love can tolerate imperfection.Love is open.Love is
17、 selfish.Love involves seeing the potential within the person we love.In short,mature love is union under the condition of preserving ones individuality.In love,two beings become one and yet remain two.,The Positive Meanings of Love,Wed like to share some of the positive meanings love has for us.Lov
18、e means that I know the person I love.Im aware of the many sides of the other person not just the beautiful side but also the limitations,inconsistencies and faults.I have an awareness of the others feelings and thoughts,and I experience something of the core of that person.I can penetrate social ma
19、sks and roles and see the other person on a deeper level.,写作教程2-1.mp32-10.mp3s,Love means that I care about the welfare of the person I love.To the extent that it is genuine,my caring is not possessive,nor does it hold the other person back.On the contrary,my caring frees both of us.If I care about
20、you,Im concerned about your growth,and I hope you will become all that you can become.Consequently,I dont put up obstacles to what you do that enhances you as a person,even though it may result in my discomfort at times.,s2-1.mp3,Love means having respect for the dignity of the person I love.If I lo
21、ve you,I can see you as a separate person,with your own values and thoughts and feelings,and I do not insist that you surrender your identity to match an image of what I expect you to be for me.I can allow and encourage you to stand alone and to be who you are,and I avoid treating you as an object o
22、r using you primarily to satisfy my own needs.,s2-2.mp3,Love means having a responsibility toward the person I love.If I love you,I respond to most of your major needs as a person.This responsibility does not include my doing for you what you are capable of doing for yourself;nor does it mean that I
23、 run your life for you.It does mean acknowledging that what I am and what I do affects you,so that I am directly involved in your happiness and your suffering.A lover does have the capacity to hurt or ignore the loved one,and in this sense we see that love involves an acceptance of some responsibili
24、ty for the impact my way of being has on you.,2-3.mp3s,Love means making a commitment to the person I love.This commitment does not mean surrendering our total selves to each other;nor does it imply that the relationship is necessarily permanent.It does involve a willingness to stay with each other
25、in times of pain,struggle,and despair,as well as in times of calm and enjoyment.,2-5.mp3s,Love means trusting the person I love.If I love you,I trust that you will accept my caring and my love and that you wont deliberately hurt me.I trust that you will find me attractive,and that you wont abandon m
26、e;I trust the mutual nature of our love.If we trust each other,we are willing to be open to each other and reveal our true selves.,2-5.mp3s,Love can tolerate imperfection.In a love relationship there are times when I am bored,times when I may feel like giving up,times of real strain,and times I feel
27、 I cant move forward.Authentic love does not imply enduring happiness.I can stay during rough times,however,because I can remember what we had together in the past,and I can picture what we will have together in our future if we care enough to face our problems and work them through.We agree with th
28、e idea that love is a spirit that changes life.Love is a way of life that is creative and that transforms.However,love is not reserved for a perfect world.Love is meant for our imperfect world where things go wrong.Love is meant to be a spirit that works in painful situations.Love is meant to bring
29、meaning into life where nonsense appears to rule.In other words,love comes into an imperfect world to make it possible to live.,s2-6.mp3,Love is open.If I love you,I encourage you to reach out and develop other relationships.Although our love for each other and our commitment to each other might pro
30、hibit certain actions on our parts,we are not totally and exclusively married to each other.It is a false love that cements one person to another in such a way that he or she is not given room to grow.,2-7.mp3s,Love is selfish.I can only love you if I genuinely love,value,appreciate,and respect myse
31、lf.If I am empty,then all I can give you is my emptiness.If I feel that Im complete and worthwhile in myself,then Im able to give to you out of my fullness.One of the best ways for me to give you love is by fully enjoying myself with you.,s2-8.mp3,Love involves seeing the potential within the person
32、 we love.In my love for another,I view her or him as the person she or he can become,while still accepting who and what the person is now.By taking people as they are,we make them worse,but by treating them as if they already were what they ought to be,we help make them better.,s2-9.mp3,To sum it up
33、,mature love is union under the condition of preserving ones individuality.In love,two beings become one and yet remain two.,2-10.mp3s,ARGUMENTATION PARAGRAPH AND ESSAY ANALYSIS,2幻灯片 2,ARGUMENTATION WRITING,The purpose of argumentation is to convince,so that the point in the argumentative paragraph
34、or essay must be clear.The writer may try to make the reader agree his or her point of view or persuade the reader to change his mind or behavior.Additionally,the writers idea must be arguable.It cannot be a fact,for example,Beijing is the capital of China or personal preference,for example,Michael
35、Jordan is my favorite basketball player.Otherwise,the argument will be meaningless.The other necessary elements in an argumentative essay are sufficient evidence and good logic.,Exploring the Main Traits on the Models,How can you write an argumentation paragraph and essay?What are the main elements
36、in them?You can first read the following model paragraphs:one is about punctuality;the other is about womens college education.After reading the two paragraphs and answering the analysis questions,you can find some similarities between them:,Model 1:An Argumentation Paragraph,(1)When you are waiting
37、 in front of a theatre or at the train terminal,you will realize how important punctuality is.(2)Punctuality is really a virtue,especially in a modern city.(3)If everybody was punctual,there would be less suffering and sorrow.(4)Punctuality is the main constituent of good character.(5)A person who i
38、s on time for his appointment shows his real consideration for others.(6)On the other hand,a person who is always late shows his selfishness and thoughtlessness and he is not the person that is worthy to be friends with.(7)To be or not to be punctual is a habit.(8)So when we are young,we should try
39、to be punctual every time and never be late for it is much more easily acquired in youth than when we are older.,Analysis Questions,1.About the content:a.What is the writers point of view about punctuality?b.How many good points of punctuality does the writer mention in the paragraph?What are they?c
40、.What is the writers suggestion about punctuality?,People should try to be punctual.,Two.One is less to be suffering and sorrow and the other is to show ones consideration for others.,When we are young,we should try to be punctual every time and never be late for it is much more easily acquired in y
41、outh than we are old.,2.About the structure:a.Is there a topic sentence in the paragraph?Which is it?b.How many supporting sentences are there?What is the method used to organize the supporting details?c.Is there a concluding sentence?If so,which sentence is it?,Yes,the second sentence.,There are fi
42、ve supporting sentences,from(3)to(7).The writer used comparison and contrast to show the evidence.,Yes,the last sentence is the concluding sentence.,3.About the function of the sentence(s):a.What do you know from the first two sentences?What is the logic of the argumentation?b.What do you know from
43、the supporting sentences?c.What does the last sentence tell us?,The 1st sentence is a specific example concerning the topic and the 2nd sentence is a general statement of the writers point of view.So the logic is inductivereasoning-from example to statement.,The supporting sentences show the evidenc
44、es of the point.,The writer concludes its argumentation by giving a suggestion in the last sentence.,4.About the language:What are the features of the expressions used in the paragraph?,There are no expressions of subjectivity like“I think”,“in my opinion”,expressions of ideas are certain and clearl
45、y stated.,Model 2:Another Argumentation Paragraph,The other Side of City LifeIn the eyes of many people,city life is attractive with all its advantages and convenience,yet they dont know the other side of the picture.First,with the expansion of the city,housing has become a serious problem for city
46、people.Then there is the problem of pollution:harmful gases from vehicles and poisonous water from factories pollute our surroundings;noise continually disturbs your peace and rest and drives you mad.Thirdly,modern city life puts a high pressure upon people:you have to hurry to and from work;you hav
47、e to dodge in the street so as to avoid bumping into the flood of people,bicycles,cars,buses;all day long you are under great stress.Fourthly,big cities also cause some social problems,of which high crime rate is the most serious one.People are justifiably in fear of becoming victims of burglary,rob
48、bery,murder and other crimes at any time.The city should find some way or other to cope with all these problems.,Analysis Questions,1.About the content:a.What is the writer s point of view about city life?b.How many reasons are given by the writer to support the idea?What are they?c.What is the writ
49、ers conclusion?,The writer asks to see the other side of the city life.,There are mainly four reasons to support the idea:problem of housing;problem of pollution;problem of crowdedness;and problem of crimes.,The writer suggests that people find some way to cope with the problems.,2.About the structu
50、re:a.Is there a topic sentence in the paragraph?Which is it?b.How many supporting sentences are there?What is the method used to organize the supporting details?c.Is there a concluding sentence?If so,which sentence is it?,Yes,there is.The first sentence is the topic sentence.,All the sentences are s
