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1、循环系统病例分析 临床学院,主要内容一、病例分析与执业医师考试二、循环系统疾病小结三、循环系统疾病病例分析四、练习题,一、病例分析与执业医师考试,【病例分析模板】(一)诊断及诊断依据1.初步诊断:2.诊断依据:按症状、体征、各项支持诊断的辅助检查顺序列出。(二)鉴别诊断(同系统或同症状)。(三)进一步检查。(四)治疗原则 可以归纳为一般治疗,内科治疗和外科治疗。,循环系统疾病诊断公式(一)心衰颈静脉充盈+肝大和肝颈静脉反流征阳性+双下肢水肿=右心衰突发严重呼吸困难+咳粉红色泡沫痰+皮肤苍白+双肺底干、湿罗音、喘鸣音=急性左心衰,(二)心律失常P波提前出现+QRS波形态正常+不完全代偿间歇=房性
2、期前收缩(房早)S1强弱不等、心律绝对不齐+脉搏短绌+ECG示P波消失、代之以f波=房颤宽大畸形QRS波提前出现+无相关P波+完全代偿间歇=室性期前收缩(室早),QRS-T波消失+大小不等的低小波(心率250500次/分)=室颤青中年患者+阵发性心慌+突发突止+ECG(QRS波室上型+未见明显P波)=阵发性室上速窦性心搏的PR间期短于0.12秒+某些导联PR间期超过0.12秒、QRS波起始部粗钝+ST-T与QRS波主波方向相反=预激综合征,P波、QRS波完整+PR间期0.20秒=一度房室传导阻滞PR间期逐渐延长+直至第1个QRS波脱漏+改善后周而复始=二度型房室传导阻滞PR间期恒定+部分P波后
3、无QRS波=二度型房室传导阻滞P波与QRS波毫无关系+QRS波宽大畸形=三度房室传导阻滞,(三)心脏骤停意识突然丧失+呼吸断续至停止+皮肤发绀+瞳孔散大+二便失禁=心脏骤停意识突然丧失+急性发作后1小时内死亡=怀疑心脏性猝死,(四)高血压血压水平的定义和分类 类别 收缩压(mmHg)舒张压(mmHg)正常血压 120 80 正常高值 120139 8089 1级高血压(轻度)140159 9099 2级高血压(中度)160179 100109 3级高血压(重度)180 110 单纯收缩期高血压 140 90,高血压患者心血管危险分层标准 危险因素和病史 1级 2级 3级 SBP140-159或
4、DBP90-99 SBP160-179或DBP100-109 SBP180或DBP110:无其他危害因素 低危 中危 高危:1-2个危险因素 中危 中危 极高危:3个危险因素 或靶器官损害或糖尿病 高危 高危 极高危:并存临床情况 极高危 极高危 极高危,(五)冠心病中老年患者+吸烟史+胸痛35分钟+服用硝酸甘油缓解+ST段水平下移=心绞痛中老年患者+吸烟史+胸痛30分钟+服用硝酸甘油不缓解+ST段弓背抬高=心肌梗死 V1V6广泛前壁心梗 V1V3前间壁心梗 V3V5局限前壁心梗、aVF下壁心梗、aVL 高侧壁心梗 V5V6、aVL 前侧壁心梗,(六)心脏瓣膜病主要瓣膜杂音 病名 出现时期 杂
5、音性质 二狭 舒张期 隆隆样 主闭 舒张期 叹气样 二闭 收缩期 吹风样 主狭 收缩期 喷射样,心脏瓣膜听诊顺序及听诊部位心脏瓣膜听诊区 听诊部位二尖瓣区(M)心尖区(心尖搏动最强点)肺动脉瓣区(P)胸骨左缘第2肋间主动脉瓣区(A)胸骨右缘第2肋间主动脉瓣第二听诊区(A)胸骨左缘第3肋间三尖瓣区(T)胸骨左缘第4、5肋间,(七)炎症青年+上感染症状+急性左心衰+心大+ST段水平压低+血清肌钙蛋白、CK-MB+病毒抗体滴度=心肌炎心前区疼痛+心包摩擦音=纤维蛋白性心包炎(“干性心包炎”),(八)休克P、Bp+脉搏细速、四肢发凉=休克体征出血+P、Bp+四肢湿冷、脉压变小=失血性休克左心衰+休克体
6、征=心源性休克T38+心率90次/分+呼吸20次/分、PaCO235mmHg+WBC12109/L=全身炎症反应综合征全身炎症反应综合征+休克体征=感染性休克,三、循环系统病例分析,Case1Name:LiuHui Age:60 years old Sex:FemaleChief complaint:Paroxysmal pain ex-area in cardiac loop for five years,aggravated for half a month.,Present history:The patient has had paroxysmal pain ex-area in ca
7、rdiac loop for five years.The pain last for 2-3 minutes,then disappeared.Half a month ago,the symptom aggravated.The pain is a stuffy pain(闷痛),locating behind the sternum,and spreading to the mandible(下颌),lasting for 5-10 minutes,it can be abated by rest.The pain attack after he walked for 50 meters
8、.During the course,there is no cough,no sputum,no pant(喘息).He came to our hospital for further therapy.,Past medical history:The patient has hypertensions for 3 years,the highest bp is 180/100mmHg,never had any medicine。Heart disease for 20 years,no allelgic history of drug and food,no history of op
9、eration and injury,no history of tuberculosis contact.Personal history:He had no hobby of alcohol or cigarette.Family history:The patient denied the history of familial diseases.,Physical examinationT 36.7C,P 68bpm,R 17bpm,BP 150/90mmHg.The patient is in Full development,good nutritional,he is consc
10、iousness and clear speech,and cooperation to examination.Normal breath sound.No abnormal rales are heard.The heart rhythm is regular,heart rate is 72 bpm,no murmurs,The cordis sound is abated(减弱).His abdomen is soft,he has no tenderness and rebound tenderness,liver and spleen are not palpable.,Labor
11、atory tests:ECG:ST-T abnormal.,Questions,1.What is your primary diagnosis?2.And your diagnosis basis?3.What is your differential diagnosis?4.If your diagnosis are right,whats your further examination?5.Give some treatment principle.,1.What is your primary diagnosis?Answer:1)coronary heart disease an
12、gina(心绞痛)2)Hypertension level 3(extremely high risk),2.And your diagnosis basis?Answer:1)Old female,paroxysmal pain in cardiac loop for five years.The pain last for 2-3 minutes,aggravated for half month,can be abated by rest.2)The patient has hypertensions for 3 years,the highest bp is 180/100mmHg,n
13、ever had any medicine.3)Physical examination:BP 150/90mmHg4)ECG:ST-T abnormal,3.What is your differential diagnosis?1)Acute myocadial infarction2)Intercostal neuralgia(肋间神经痛)3)cholecystalgia(胆绞痛),4.If your diagnosis are right,whats your further examination?Answer:1)Electrocardiogram2)Coronary angiog
14、raphy or CTA3)Myocardial enzyme4)echocardiogram5)Abdominal ultrasound,5.Give some treatment principle.1)Rest,oxygen,salt limiting(限盐)2)Control hypertention3)Expanding drugs(扩血管药物)such as nitrate(硝酸酯类),Case2,Male,80 years old.Chief complaint:paroxysmal chest pain for 2 years,aggrevate for 20 days and
15、 syncope(昏厥)1 time.,Present history:2 years ago,the patient had retrosternal pain after fast walking,stuffy pain,located at the middle segment of the sternum,rest after about 3 5 minutes the pain gradually relieved.20 days ago retrosternal stuffy pain appeared again after walking accompanied by swea
16、t,pain significantly worse than before,the symptom remission after rest about 20 minutes.The attacks was frequently than before.10 days ago,the patient was awareness suddenly on the way home,fall to the ground,urinary incontinence,the duration was unknown,without nausea vomiting,no physical activity
17、 dysfunction.After he wake up retrosternal pain was sustained accompanied by sweat,For further diagnosis and treatment he was sent to our hospital.,Past history:Hypertension for 30years,the highest bp is 180/120mmHg,had Nifedipine Tablets 30mg/d.No drug and food allergies.,Physical examinationT 36.5
18、C,P 104bpm R20 bpm,BP179/97 mmHg,SPO2 90%,The patient is consciousness and clear speech,and cooperation to examination.Normal breath sound.No abnormal rales are heard.Heart rate is 104 bpm,Premature beat can be heard,about 4-5 times/minute,no murmurs,His abdomen is soft,he has no tenderness and rebo
19、und tenderness,liver and spleen are not palpable.bilateral Hoffmann sign was negative.,Auxiliary examination辅助检查:Blood routine:WBC 9.8*109/L,N 59.4%Hb 127 g/L,PLT 191*109/L,HCT 38.5%.Glu 6.6 mmol/L,K+3.3 mmol/L,Na+,138 mmol/L,Cl-102 mmol/L,lac 4.0 mmol/L,ECG as follows:,Questions:,1.What is your pri
20、mary diagnosis?2.And your diagnosis basis?3.What is your differential diagnosis?4.If your diagnosis are right,whats your further examination?5.Give some treatment principle.,1.What is your primary diagnosis?Answer:1)acute myocardial infarction(high lateral wall)2)arrhythmia 3)Hypertension level 3(ex
21、tremely high risk),2.And your diagnosis basis?Answer:1)retrosternal pain after fast walking,stuffy pain,can be relieved by rest for 2years.And aggrevated for 20 days ago.Syncope for 1 time 10 days ago.2)Hypertension for 30years,the highest bp is 180/120mmHg,had Nifedipine Tablets 30mg/d3)P 104bpm,BP
22、179/97 mmHg,SPO2 90%,Heart rate is 104 bpm,Premature beat can be heard,about 4-5 times/minute,4)I、aVL lead see a pathological Q wave,Premature beat 4-5 times/min and sinus tachycardia can be seen in ECG.,3.What is your differential diagnosis?1)angina pectoris(心绞痛)2)dissection of aorta(主动脉夹层)3)acute
23、abdominal disease4)acute pulmonary embolism,4.If your diagnosis are right,whats your further examination?Answer:1)18 lead ECG 2)Myocardial enzyme3)echocardiogram4)blood gas analysis,5.Give some treatment principle.1)oxygen,ECG monitoring,and intravenous access established.2)Relieve pain like morphin
24、e 3)anti-platelet:aspirin tablets 300mg,clopidogrel氯吡格雷300mg oral.4)Expanding drugs such as nitrate5)Anticoagulation such as heparin6)Reperfusion therapy:PCI7)anti-shock,执业医师实践技能考试病例分析真题,病例摘要1 男性,55岁,胸骨后压榨性痛,伴恶心、呕吐2小时 患者于2小时前搬重物时突然感到胸骨后疼痛,压榨性,有濒死感,休息与口含硝酸甘油均不能缓解,伴大汗、恶心,呕吐过两次,为胃内容物,二便正常。既往无高血压和心绞痛病史,
25、无药物过敏史,吸烟20余年,每天1包 查体:T36.8,P100次/分,R20次/分,BP100/60mmHg,急性痛苦病容,平卧位,无皮疹和紫绀,浅表淋巴结未触及,巩膜不黄,颈软,颈静脉无怒张,心界不大,心率100次/分,有期前收缩5-6次/分,心尖部有S4,肺清无啰音,腹平软,肝脾未触及,下肢不肿。心电图示:STV1-5升高,QRSV1-5呈Qr型,T波倒置和室性早搏。,思考题,1.诊断及诊断依据?2.鉴别诊断?3.进一步检查?4.治疗原则?,诊断 冠心病、急性前壁心肌梗死 室性期前收缩 心功能级诊断依据 1.典型心绞痛而持续2小时不缓解,休息与口含硝酸甘油均无效,有吸烟史 2.心电图示急
26、性前壁心肌梗死,室性期前收缩 3.查体心界不大,有期前收缩,心尖部有S4鉴别诊断 1.夹层动脉瘤 2.心绞痛 3.急性心包炎,进一步检查1.继续心电图检查,观察其动态变化2.化验心肌酶谱3.凝血功能检查,以备溶栓抗凝治疗4.化验血脂、血糖、肾功5.恢复期作运动核素心肌显像、Holter、超声心动图检查,找出高危因素,作冠状动脉造影与介入性治疗 治疗原则1.绝对卧床休息3-5天,持续心电监护,低脂半流食,保持大便通畅2.溶栓治疗:发病6小时内,无出凝血障碍及溶栓禁忌证,可用尿激酶、链激酶或t-PA溶栓治疗;抗凝治疗:溶栓后用肝素静滴,口服阿期匹林3.吸氧,解除疼痛:哌替啶或吗啡,静滴硝酸甘油;消
27、除心律失常:利多卡因4.有条件和必要时行介入治疗,病例摘要2男性,65岁,持续心前区痛4小时。4小时前即午饭后突感心前区痛,伴左肩臂酸胀,自含硝酸甘油1片未见好转,伴憋气、乏力、出汗,二便正常。既往高血压病史6年,最高血压160/100mmHg,未规律治疗,糖尿病史5年,一直口服降糖药物治疗,无药物过敏史,吸烟10年,每日20支左右,不饮酒。查体:T37,P100次/分,R24次/分,Bp150/90mmHg,半卧位,无皮疹及出血点,全身浅表淋巴结不大,巩膜无黄染,口唇稍发绀,未见颈静脉怒张,心叩不大,心律100次/分,律齐,心尖部/6级收缩期吹风样杂音,两肺叩清,两肺底可闻及细小湿罗音,腹平
28、软,肝脾未及,双下肢不肿。化验:Hb134g/L,WBC9.6109/L,分类:中性分叶粒72%,淋巴26%,单核2%,plt250109/L,尿蛋白微量,尿糖(+),尿酮体(-),镜检(-),思考题,1.诊断及诊断依据?2.鉴别诊断?3.进一步检查?4.治疗原则?,诊断1.冠心病急性心肌梗死心不大 急性左心衰竭2.高血压病1级,极高危险组3.糖尿病诊断依据1.老年男性,持续心绞痛4小时不缓解,口服硝酸甘油无效2.有急性左心衰表现:憋气、半卧位,口唇稍发绀,两肺底细小湿罗音3.高血压病期(1级、极高危险组),有糖尿病和吸烟等冠心病危险因素鉴别诊断(5分)1.心绞痛2.高血压心脏病3.夹层动脉瘤
29、,进一步检查(4分)1.心电图、心肌酶谱2.床旁胸片、超声心动图3.血糖、血脂、血电解质、肝肾功能、血气分析治疗原则(3分)1.心电监护和一般治疗:包括吸氧等2.治疗急性左心衰竭和止痛(吗啡或哌替啶)、利尿剂、血管扩张剂3.溶栓和抗凝治疗4.糖尿病治疗可加用胰岛素5.高血压暂不处理,注意观察,病例摘要3男性,60岁,心前区痛1周,加重2天。1周前开始在骑车上坡时感心前区痛,并向左肩放射,经休息可缓解,2天来走路快时亦有类似情况发作,每次持续3-5分钟,含硝酸甘油迅速缓解,为诊治来诊,发病以来进食好,二便正常,睡眠可,体重无明显变化。既往有高血压病史5年,血压150-180/90-100mmHg
30、,无冠心病史,无药物过敏史,吸烟十几年,1包/天,其父有高血压病史。查体:T36.5,P84次/分,R18次/分,Bp180/100mmHg,一般情况好,无皮疹,浅表淋巴结未触及,巩膜不黄,心界不大,心率84次/分,律齐,无杂音,肺叩清,无啰音,腹平软,肝脾肋下未触及,下肢不肿。,思考题,1.诊断及诊断依据?2.鉴别诊断?3.进一步检查?4.治疗原则?,诊断1.冠心病:不稳定性心绞痛(初发劳力型)心功能级2.高血压病3级,极高危险组诊断依据1.冠心病典型心绞痛发作,既往无心绞痛史,在一个月内新出现的由体力活动所诱发的心绞痛,休息和用药后能缓解查体:心界不大,心律齐,无心力衰竭表现。2.高血压病
31、期(3级,极高危险组)血压达到3级,高血压标准(收缩压180mmHg)而未发现其他引起高血压的原因,有心绞痛。鉴别诊断(5分)1.急性心肌梗死2.反流性食管炎3.心肌炎、心包炎4.夹层动脉瘤,进一步检查(4分)1.心绞痛时描记心电图或作Holter2.病情稳定后,病程大于1个月可作核素运动心肌显像3.化验血脂、血糖、肾功能、心肌酶谱4.眼底检查,超声心动图,必要时冠状动脉造影治疗原则(3分)1.休息,心电监护2.药物治疗:硝酸甘油、消心痛、抗血小板聚集药3.疼痛仍犯时行抗凝治疗,必要时PTCA治疗,病例摘要3男性,61岁,渐进性活动后呼吸困难5年,明显加重伴下肢浮肿1个月5年前,因登山时突感心
32、悸、气短、胸闷,休息约1小时稍有缓解。以后自觉体力日渐下降,稍微活动即感气短、胸闷,夜间时有憋醒,无心前区痛。曾在当地诊断为“心律不整”,服药疗效不好。1个月前感冒后咳嗽,咳白色粘痰,气短明显,不能平卧,尿少,颜面及两下肢浮肿,腹胀加重而来院。既往20余年前发现高血压(170/100mmHg)未经任何治疗,8年前有阵发心悸、气短发作;无结核、肝炎病史,无长期咳嗽、咳痰史,吸烟40年,不饮酒。,查体:T37.1,P72次/分,R20次/分,Bp160/96mmHg,神清合作,半卧位,口唇轻度发绀,巩膜无黄染,颈静脉充盈,气管居中,甲状腺不大;两肺叩清,左肺可闻及细湿罗音,心界两侧扩大,心律不整,
33、心率92次/分,心前区可闻/6级收缩期吹风样杂音;腹软,肝肋下2.5cm,有压痛,肝颈静脉反流征(+),脾未及,移动浊音(-),肠鸣音减弱;双下肢明显可凹性水肿。化验:血常规Hb129g/L,WBC6.7109/L,尿蛋白(-),比重1.016,镜检(-),BUN7.0mmol/L,Cr113umol/L,肝功能ALT56u/L,TBIL19.6umol/L。,思考题,1.诊断及诊断依据?2.鉴别诊断?3.进一步检查?4.治疗原则?,诊断1.高血压性心脏病:心脏扩大,心房纤颤,心功能IV级2.高血压病2级,极高危险组3.肺部感染诊断依据1.高血压性性心脏病:高血压病史长,未治疗;左心功能不全(
34、夜间憋醒,不能平卧);右心功能不全(颈静脉充盈,肝大和肝颈静脉反流征阳性,双下肢水肿);心脏向两侧扩大,心律不整,心率脉率2.高血压病期(2级,极高危险组)二十余年血压高(170/100mmHg);现在Bp160/100mmHg;心功能IV级3.肺部感染:咳嗽,发烧,一侧肺有细小湿罗音,鉴别诊断(5分)1.冠心病2.扩张性心肌病3.风湿性心脏病二尖瓣关闭不全进一步检查(4分)1.心电图、超声心动图2.X线胸片,必要时胸部CT3.腹部B超4.血A/G,血K+,Na+,Cl-治疗原则(3分)1.病因治疗:合理应用降血压药2.心衰治疗:吸氧、利尿、扩血管、强心药3.对症治疗:控制感染等,四、练习题,
35、1.诊断冠心病最常用的非创伤性检查方法是 A休息时心电图 B24小时动态心电图 C心电图运动负荷试验 D超声心动图 E心脏CT检查,C,2.风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄最具诊断价值的检查是A心电图检查B胸部X线摄片C血沉检查D抗O检查E心脏听诊,E,3.急性心肌梗死早期最重要的治疗措施是A抗心绞痛B消除心律失常C补充血量D心肌再灌注E增加心肌营养,D,4.单纯左心衰竭的典型体征是A下垂性对称性水肿B肝颈静脉回流征阳性C双肺底闻及湿哕音D胸腔积液E颈静脉怒张,C,5.不属于冠心病主要危险因素的是A吸烟B高血压C酗酒D年龄 E高胆固醇血症,C,6.发现心包积液最简便准确的方法是A心电图B超声心动图C冠状
36、动脉造影D核素心肌显像E心包穿刺,B,7.男性,61岁。患有高血压,同时伴有2型糖尿病,尿蛋白(+)。选择最佳降压药物为A利尿剂B钙离子拮抗剂CACEIDa受体阻滞剂E8受体阻滞剂,C,8.男性,40岁,腹痛、发热48小时,血压80/60mmHg,神志清醒,面色苍白,四肢湿冷,全腹肌紧张,肠鸣音消失,诊断为A低血容量性休克B感染性休克C神经源性休克D心源性休克E过敏性休克,B,9.男性,49岁。晚上饱餐饮酒后突然出现胸骨后压榨性疼痛,持续半小时不缓解,伴出汗、恶心、呕吐来诊。首先采用的诊断方法是A腹部B超B胸部X线C化验血常规D心电图E尿淀粉酶检查,D,10.急性下壁心肌梗死最易合并A室性早搏
37、B房室传导阻滞C心房颤动D房性心动过速E右束支传导阻滞,11.女性,38岁。活动后心悸、气喘1年余,查体轻度贫血,心率快,律整,胸骨右缘第2肋间闻及响亮而粗糙的收缩期杂音(级),首先应想到的疾病为A动脉导管未闭B主动脉瓣关闭不全C二尖瓣关闭不全D室间隔缺损E主动脉瓣狭窄,12.患者男性,64岁。头晕、心悸45年,心尖搏动向左下移位,呈抬举性搏动,于胸骨左缘第3、4肋间闻及叹气样舒张期杂音,为递减型,向心尖传导,在心尖部闻及隆隆样舒张早期杂音,股动脉可闻及射枪音,首先应想到的诊断为A二尖瓣狭窄B主动脉瓣关闭不全C二尖瓣关闭不全D主动脉瓣狭窄E室间隔缺损,13.男性,40岁,10小时前搬重物时突发
38、上胸部疼痛,呈撕裂样,并逐渐向下胸部和腹部延伸。高血压病史15年。查体:T 36.3,BP 170/lOOmmHg(左上肢),BP(右上肢)140/75mmHg(右上肢)。心率105次分,心律齐。腹平软,Murphy征阴性。CK-MB正常。心电图:正常。胸部X线片显示主动脉明显增宽。该患者胸痛最可能的病因是A急性心肌梗死B变异型心绞痛C主动脉夹层D急性胆囊炎 E急性心包炎,14.女性,32岁。有心脏病病史4年。最近感到心悸,听诊发现心率100次分,心律绝对不齐,第一心音强弱不等,心尖部有舒张期隆隆样杂音。听诊的发现最可能是A窦性心律不齐B窦性心动过速C心房颤动D室性早搏E房性早搏,15.男性,40岁,腹痛、发热48小时,血压80/60mmHg,神志清醒,面色苍白,四肢湿冷,全腹肌紧张,肠鸣音消失,诊断为A低血容量性休克B感染性休克C神经源性休克D心源性休克E过敏性休克,16.住院第2日患者出现胸闷、大汗、面色苍白,体检心率126次分,律齐,双肺未闻及干湿哕音,血压90/60mmHg,考虑合并心源性休克。此时不宜使用A主动脉内球囊反搏术B静注呋塞米C静滴多巴胺D静滴多巴酚丁胺E皮下注射低分子肝素,