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1、,桃花依旧笑春风,The Renaissance Period(1485-1660),I Brief IntroductionThe Renaissance(French for rebirth;Italian:Rinascimento,from re-again and nascere be born was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century,beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the
2、rest of Europe.its influence affected literature,philosophy,art,politics,science,religion,and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study,and searched for realism and human emotion in art.,2 Theoretical base：the rising of humanismA Core：Humanism i
3、s the essence of the Renaissance.It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors.B Base：It was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.,II.Background:the society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalismThe New Monarchy Henry
4、VII(1485-1509)founded the Tudor dynasty,a centralized monarchy of a totally new type,which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie composed by merchants and handicraftsmen.The Wars of Roses(1455-1485):Richard II the last king by direct succession,died without heirs.The House of LancasterThe red rose
5、,the House of York,the white rose.When Richard died,his throne is lost to Henry IV by usurpation,the first king of Lancaster.Henry the VII inherited down from the House of Lancaster,but later on he married Elizabeth of York house,hence the Tudor dynasty,which reconcile the two sides by marrying.,Abs
6、olute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen Elizabeth.(from 1558 to1603).,2.The Reformation Henry VIII(1509-1547)declared him to be the“supreme Head of the English Church and Clergy,confiscated the property of the Church,thus enriching the new bourgeoisie nobility.The Prot
7、estant reformation:Jonh Wycliffe(1320-1384)-the Morning Star of the ReformationMan stands directly under God and needs no mediation from church and priest.,3.The Rise of BourgeoisieThe enclosure movementThe Commercial expansion-Queen Elizabeth encouraged exploration and travelThe war with Spain(1588
8、)-a victory of England over Spain is also the triumph of the rising young bourgeoisie over the declining old feudalism,III.The Renaissance and HumanismTwo features of the intellectual movement1.A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature-admire the Greek and Latin works2.The keen interest in
9、activities of humanity-admire human beauty and human achievement,Humanism(the key-note of the Renaissance)According to humanist:both man and the world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement.Man could mould the world according to his desires,and attain happiness by removing al
10、l external checks by the exercise of reason.All things that move between the quiet poles/Shall be at my command-Christopher Marlowe,*The Beginning of the English Renaissance(1495-1558)Thomas More:Utopia.*The Elizabethan Period(1558-1625).Poetry:Sir Philip Sidney,Edmund Spenser,Shakespeare Drama:Marl
11、owe,Shakespeare,Ben Jonson(comedian)Prose:Francis Bacon,IV.The literature of the period,1.The Beginning of the English Renaissance(1495-1558)Renaissance reached England late.In the late half of the 14th century,Chaucer visited Italy,the introduction of printing to England by William Caxton brought t
12、he classical works to England.It was only near the end of 15th century until Henry VIII access to the throne in 1509 that a notable Renaissance took place in England.The writers in this period:Oxford Reformers and Thomas More.,Revival or rebirth of classical arts,culture and philosophy after the dar
13、k ages of medieval obscurantism.Its a great cultural and intellectual movement swept the whole of Europe.The movement was from 1485 to 1625 marked by an awakening interest in learning in the individual and the world of nature.The key word for it is humanism,which emphasizes the belief in human being
14、s,his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.It originally indicates a revival of classical arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.Its aim is to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieva
15、l time and introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.Shakespeare,Spenser,and Marlowe are all famous literary figures.,Oxford Reformers:They are William Grocyn,Thomas Linnacre,and John Colet,who were reformers,professors,graduates and students of Oxford University,with
16、Thomas More as their representatives.They traveled to Italy or France to come into contact with the spirit of the Renaissance humanism and accepted the new philosophy and culture that were rising there,and they began to spread the ideas of the Renaissance in England after they returned.They made Oxf
17、ord University as a center of the classical studies.Their new world outlook prepared the way for the appearance of a new literature in the second half of the 16th century.,Thomas More(1478-1535)(the first and foremost humanist)Life:in 1529 the Lord Chancellor of England under Henry VIII in 1535 behe
18、aded on a false charge of treason2.works:Utopia(1516)-Mores masterpiece,written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythloday,a returned voyager.It is divided in two books.The first contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England.In the second book is described in detail an
19、 ideal communist society,Utopia.Utopia:(from Greek)-no place which is adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.,3.Specific Introduction of UtopiaBook I:is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring class,the greed and luxury among the rich
20、,and an eagerness fro war on the part of the rulers.-the savage laws Hythloday,a learned man has been to Utopia,a kind of“Nowwhere Land”mentioned the Utopians and their wise laws.,2)Book II:nine sections-a sketch of an ideal commonwealth3)Significance:Utopia offers the best ideal social system possi
21、ble that could be offered at the time.It outlines the ideal set of basics governing human institutions and regulating human life.On the whole the Utopian system represents a substantial improvement over the existing system of England,Contribution:a.More understood that the principle“From everyone ac
22、cording to his capacities,to everyone according to his needs”is the only practical basis fro a communist society.b.More touched upon the question of the separation of town and country.c.More emphasizes the importance of labor for every member of the Utopian society,and insists upon a maximum working
23、 day of six hours,which ensures the provision of all necessaries.,Limitation:Though a great thinker,More was no revolutionary in sense of wishing to arouse the people or to start any revolutionary movement among the exploited class.There is also the slave system,retaining the features of class explo
24、itation.No means was founded to realize the Utopian system at that time.,安能摧眉折腰事权贵，,使我不得开心颜。,李白,Francis Bacon(1561-1626),Francis Bacon-the founder of English materialist philosophy,Life Bacon was born in London,studied law at Cambridge at the age of 12,was part of the embassy in France until 1579,an
25、d became a member of Parliament 1584 at 23.In 1596 he became a Queens Counsel.In 1618,having risen to Lord Chancellor.He was charged to bribe-taking and deprived of his office,fined and banished from London.From then on he devoted himself to science and writing,in both Latin and English.Satirist Ale
26、xander Pope called Bacon“the wisest,brightest,and meanest of mankind”?Li Bai,2.Bacons works:*Essays(随笔)(1597)-characterized by pith and brevity-58 Bacon is the first English essayist.*Advancement of Learning(学术的推进(1605)-a seminal work discussing scientific method;the founder of Modern science in Eng
27、land*New Instrument（新工具）(1620)-a statement what is called the Inductive Method of Reasoning.*The New Atlantis（新大西岛）(1626)-describing a utopian state in which scientific knowledge is systematically sought and exploited,3.Essays by Bacon Montaign(1533-1592)a.Bacons Essays covers a wide variety of subj
28、ects,such as love,truth,friendship,parents and children,beauty,studies,riches,youth and age,garden,and many others.They have won popularity for their precision,clearness,brevity and force.Many of his sentences have become wise old sayings.-”Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark.”“Reading
29、 makes a full man。”Some of the best reading include“Of Truth”,“Of Beauty”,“Of Studies”,b.The style of Bacons essay:The language is very neat,prt and weighty.The sentences are very short and the author likes to use more loose and compound sentences,which are called loose and free style in Bacons time
30、.Bacon also likes to use more co-ordinate conjunctions than the subordinated ones,such as“as,since,because”.Whats more important is that he likes to use parallelism,and his topics are very clear and exact,full of epigrams like a poem.So we can say his style is conciseness of expression and simplicit
31、y of diction.,Of Studies Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment and disposition of business.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处 世判事之际。,Some
32、books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;that is,some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。,Re
33、ading maketh a full man,conference a ready man,and writing an exact man.And therefore,if a man write little,he had need have a great memory;if he confer little,he had need have a present wit;and if he read little,he had need have much cunning,to seem to know that he doth not.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不
34、常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。,Histories make men wise;poets,witty;the mathematics,subtile;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend.Abeunt studia in mores.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。,Of BeautyBeauty is as summer fruits,which ar
35、e easy to corrupt,and cannot last;and for the most part it makes a dissolute youth,and an age a little out of countenance;but yet certainly again,if it light well,it make the virtue shine,and vices blush.,美者犹如夏日蔬果，易腐难存；要之，年少而美者常无行，年长而美者不免面有惭色。虽然，但须托体得人，则德行因美而益彰，恶行见美而愈愧。,抽刀断水水更流，举杯消愁愁更愁。人生在世不称意，明朝散发弄扁舟。李白,
