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1、Kovin NaidooICEE Africa DirectorAFCO Vice-President,Optometry as part of Vision 2020:global perspective,Global Initiative to Eliminate Avoidable Blindness by the Year 2020,World Health Organisation-IAPB,Present estimation:45 million people blind+135 million visually disabled,Present situation,Best c
2、orrected VA,International classification ignores the burden of uncorrected refractive error,World Prevalence of Blindness,Prevalence of Blindness,90%+live inunderprivileged communities,The blindness rate in many developing countries,especially in Africa,is 7 times higher,at 1.4%,than in developed co
3、untries,Gender is another major issue,Global Distribution of Blindness by Cause,Cataract42%,Trachoma15%,Glaucoma14%,Oncho.1%,Other28%,Macular degeneration,Diabetic retinopathy,+Refractive errors(uncorrected),Present situation,80%of blindness is avoidablepreventableorcurable,Leading Causes of Prevent
4、able Blindness:,CataractTrachomaOnchoceriasisChildhood BlindnessRefractive Error&Low Vision,VISION 2020,Vision 2020 will strive to make refractive services and corrective spectacles affordable and available to the majority of the population through primary health care facilities,vision screening in
5、schools and low-cost production of spectacles.Similar strategies will be adopted to provide low vision services.,Global estimates,Magnitude of refractive errors not reliably knownLarge global variation in prevalence(by age,gender,and race)Estimated:2.3 billion people have refractive error 1.8 billio
6、n have access to refractive services500 million do not have access to services,Sth Africa 1.0%RE:10%Cook,1992(n=268),China 4.4%Due to RE:10%Shaozhen Li,1999(n=5342),Australia 0.15%Due to RE:25%Taylor,1997(n=3268),India 2.5%Due to RE:9.6%Dandona,1998(n=2522),Saudi Arabia 0.7%RE:5.3%Al Faran,1993(n=28
7、82),10%+of WorldBlindness,Blindness Due To Uncorrected Refractive Errors(3/60),Difficulties with Current Data,Non-uniform definitions across studiesNon-representative study populations(convenience rather than population-based)Dissimilar demographics of study population(age and sex)Refraction procedu
8、res are different(with/without cycloplegia etc),Negrel,Ellwein,2001,Uncorrected refractive error is the major cause of:,blindness following mass cataract surgery using standard power IOL,Myopia with Autorefraction:Country Comparison,Low Vision,35m people worldwide have irreversible vision loss and a
9、re in need of low vision care.,*WHO Global Initiative:Vision 2020,Feb 1999,VISION 2020 will enable access to visual devices&low vision care at affordable cost,Treatment:Low vision care&vision correction,components,Disease control through service deliveryHuman resource developmentInfrastructure and t
10、echnology,Collaborations,has created valuable and effective collaborations of organisationsWCO until 2002 was not a part of the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness,Optometry a late entrant,It is only recently that uncorrected refractive error and even more recently low vision has ac
11、hieved prominenceLandmark population-based studies in adults,children and in post-cataract patients.,Optometry and Public Health,Mainly private practiceLimited discourse about public sector initiativesIndividual Optometrists and groupings efforts,Public Health Challenges,Integration of professionsEx
12、pansion of the scope of OptometryConsolidation of the scope of OptometryCharity vs Public HealthHealth PolicyHealth Systems development and ManagementHealth Promotion,Opportunity for Optometry,The realisation of the impact of uncorrected refractive error and Low Vision has provided the opportunity f
13、or optometry to play a major part in alleviating vision loss for those most in need.,Refractive Error and Vision 2020,WHO established a Refractive Error Working Group(REWG),asThe REWG is now developing international strategic plans and policies to eliminate uncorrected refractive error.,Definitions,
14、Children:-Myopia:0.5D-Hyperopia:2D,Refractive error in Children,-Binocular vision 6/12 is considered significant-Should only occur when appropriate resources for follow-up refraction and delivery of spectacles.-Visual acuity screening of children can be performed at community level by teachers,healt
15、h care workers etc.,Refractive exams,Children:Exams should be carried out only by eyecare personnel(ECP)with the appropriate skills in objective and subjective refraction,ocular motility,basic eye examination,ability to detect potenially blinding diseases and communication skills.,Minimum Standards
16、for Children,-Retinoscopy plus subjective refraction,with cycloplegia for young children as needed.-Autorefractometry plus subjective refraction with cycloplegia,Refractive Correction:Priority,-High Priority:6/18-Moderate Priority:6/12-Low Priority:6/9-Children:6/12-Adults:6/18,Priority Groups,Child
17、ren aged 11-15 with myopia and people over the age of 45 years who require spectacles for near vision,Not Restricted to Refraction,Integrated into the eye team and blindness preventionTeaching eye care personnel,especially in refraction and low vision careProviding screening and vision care services
18、 at secondary and tertiary levelsDetection and management of potentially;blinding diseases such as cataract,diabetes and glaucomaResearch into the understanding of global eyecare needs and solutions,especially in vision correction and vision care service delivery Building models of self-sustainable
19、eyecare.,Optometrys Role in Correcting Refractive Error,Public health optometry has not reached thecommunities that are in most need in any organised way.Develop a concerted effort to create local capacity in these communities,in collaboration with its partners in Vision 2020,through service deliver
20、y,by creating human resources and by helping to develop the infrastructure needed,the three cornerstones of the Vision 2020 programme.,What is Needed?,Developed countries:optometrist to population ratio is 1:10,000.Developing countries the ratio is 1:600,000,and much worse in many rural areas,up to
21、millions of people per optometrist.,What is needed?,Increase in the number of eyecare personnel trained in refraction and vision correction.Training mid-level personnel in refractive care.Interim measures using nurse-refractionists or ophthalmic or optometric technicians that refract are essential.,
22、STRATEGIES,Ophth.,Opt.,Managers,OphN.,Oph.Tech,Dispensing Opt.,Com Worker,Teacher,PHCW,Vision 2020,Specialists,Mid Level Personnel,Comm.Level,One effective current model,developed by the LV Prasad Eye Institute in Hyderabad,India,for the efficient and cost-effective delivery of eyecare is a communit
23、y eyecareteam.For every 1,000,000 people the team has:1 ophthalmologist 4 optometrists 8 eyecare workers 8 ophthalmic assistants 16 ophthalmic nurses.,ICEE Africa“Graduation Day”Nurse Training Program,What is needed?,Establishment of infrastructureDevelopment of effective models andProgrammesFunding
24、 needed for the provision of training and low cost spectacles.Low Cost laboratories,Refraction services as an integral part of general health care systems andcomprehensive eyecare.,The Role of Research,Adequate prevalence data determines those most in need of interventionProvide the basis from which
25、 interventions in the future can be evaluated,AFRICAN VISION RESEARCH INSTITUTE(AVRI),African Vision Research Institute(AVRI)addressesthe need for Africa based eye research.Based in South Africa it will link:IntellectualsInstitutionsOrganizations Other personnel in the pursuit of solutions to the va
26、rious community eye health issues in Africa.,Optometry can significantly contribute to the understanding of:Worldwide blindness and impaired vision-the burden and its effectsHealth care planningService deliveryOutcomes of intervention.,Self-Sustainability,Refractive Error and Optometry,Developing th
27、e logistics and economics of self-sustaining eyecare at thecommunity and institutional levels Mobilising worldwide resources to develop models and create the educational and delivery infrastructure for refractive and general vision care.,Cross Subsidization,Spectacle supply can effectively fund more
28、 expensive orIntensive needs such as low vision and cataract surgery.Refract and supply spectacles and vision care,including theDetection and treatment of minor problems,and referral of those with more serious problems,at the community level.Optometry can make a major contribution in supporting eye
29、care at this more convenient and cost-effective level.,OPTOMETRYS RESPONSE,Public Health and Development Committee of WCOVision 2020 membershipOGSPublic Health AgendaMembership in Country of Vision 2020 committees Involvement in the National Plan,Tanzanian Opportunties,Community Optometry a model fo
30、r the world,Preventable blindness is one of our most tragic and wasteful global problems.Optometry is an essential part of the team that will eliminate this tragedy,by understanding global eyecare needs and delivering effective and sustainable visioncare to people in need,thereby ensuring their fundamental right to sight.,THANK YOU,
