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1、油层物理学Physical Properties of Petroleum Reservoir,石油工程学院油藏工程系：李爱芬,2010年9月,李爱芬，山东安丘人；85年毕业于华东石油大学采油专业；教授，博士，博士生导师。主要研究领域：油气渗流机理（低渗、缝洞），提高原油采收率机理，油气井出砂及防砂，储层敏感性评价，油藏流体及岩石物性研究。教学讲授课程：本科生：油层物理(汉语、双语、实验)；研究生：渗流物理，气藏工程(双语)，油藏工程(Reservoir Engineering1)等。,个人简介,石油深埋在地下岩石孔隙中:,前 言,石油是一种不可再生的资源。油田开发的好坏，很大程度上取决于对油
2、藏的认识程度。,1949年，美国M.Musket出版“采油物理原理”把以前关于油藏岩石、流体物性方面的概念与研究成果系统化和理论化，使岩石、流体物性与各类油藏紧密结合起来。1956年，苏联.卡佳霍夫撰著“油层物理基础”该书是“油层物理”从采油工程中单独分科的起点，随后得到了广泛而深入的发展。60年代末，石油大学洪世铎在卡佳霍夫课本的基础上，首次在国内编著中文版“油层物理基础”。从此油层物理在国内成为一门独立的学科。,“油层物理”起源：,最早研究内容与油藏工程混在一起。,Reservoir having artesian water(露头水).,油藏类型：,Reservoir having bo
3、ttom water and gas-cap,油藏类型：,Reservoir with pinchout boundary(岩性尖灭油藏）,油藏物理,石油地质、有机化学、化学原理,渗流力学 油藏工程 油藏数值模拟 采油工程,我国老油田油田：多数已进入开发中后期，含水高（很多90%），但采出程度低（陆上1550,海上油田18）；新油田逐渐转向特殊油田的开发（稠油、低渗、裂洞、海上）。开采难度越来越大，对基础知识、综合技术水平要求越来越高。,油田开发现状：,(4)提高原油采收率的机理。Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery,油层物理主要内容(Contences)
4、：,(1)油藏流体(油、气、水)的高压物性；Properties of reservoir Fluids,(2)油藏岩石的物理性质；Properties of Reservoir Rocks,(3)饱和多相流体的油藏岩石的物理性质；Properties of Porous Medium Containing Multiple Fluids,特点：概念多、实验性强、较抽象。,参考书：,1、洪世铎 油层物理基础；2、何更生 油层物理；3、罗蛰谭 油层物理学；,最后成绩：考试平时实验。考试形式：闭卷,以基本概念及其应用为主。,第一章油藏流体的物理性质,油层(formation)：能储集油气、并能让油
5、气在其中流动的多孔介质。,油藏：深埋在地下的油气聚集的场所。单一圈闭、统一的水动力系统、统一的油水界面。,Reservoir（油藏）is a porous and permeable subsurface formation containing reservoir fluids.,It is bounded by a barrier(遮挡)of impermeable rock and often by an aquifer barrier.It is characterized by one pressure system.,例如:石油管理局 管理着很多采油厂管理着很多油田,*oil fi
6、eld,油田：一个地区地下所有的油藏构成油田。如石油管理局采油厂油田油藏,特点(characteristic)：处于高温、高压下，石油中溶有大量的天然气，地层水矿化度高。,油藏流体(reservoir fluids)：油藏中的石油、天然气、地层水。,Reservoir fluids refer to the crude oil,natural gas and water containing in the pores of the reservoir rocks.,Physical properties of the reservoir fluids are different from th
7、ose of the fluids at the surface.,Characteristic(特点):Reservoir fluids are usually under high T and P,the crude oil contains a large amount of dissolved gas(溶解气),reservoir water has much salts.,In this chapter,we will first discuss:(1)phase behavior of hydrocarbon system,随油藏的开采地下流体的相态发生变化影响最终采收率。为合理开
8、发油藏，就必需搞清地下流体的相态、物性随压力的变化。,(2)Solution and separation process in a gas-oil system(3)Properties of gas,oil and water.,Section 1 Phase behavior of hydrocarbon system,The hydrocarbons include alkanes(烷烃),cycloalkanes(环烷烃),aromatic(芳香烃),At normal T and P:,1.Chemical composition、Commercial properties of
9、petroleum and its classification,Petroleum is a mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons.,Alkanes is the main components:,1.1 Chemical composition of petroleum,Nonhydrocarbons(非烃)are compounds of oxygen,sulfur,nitrogen of alkanes(是胶质、沥青质的主要成分)。,1.2 Commercial value of Petroleu
10、m（商品性质）:,Commercial value of a petroleum liquid are specific gravity,viscosity,freezing point(凝固点),asphalt(沥青)content,sulfur content（硫化物）etc.,Although the quantities of these nonhydrocarbons are very small,they exert great influences on some of the properties of petroleum,such as color,specific grav
11、ity,viscosity and interfacial tension.,When the reservoir is developed,the states of the hydrocarbon depends upon(1)the composition of the hydrocarbon fluid,(2)the pressure and temperature.,2.Basic concepts in study of phase behavior,(1)System(体系):a amount of substances within given boundaries under
12、 specific conditions composed of a number of components.,(2)Phase(相)is any homogeneous and physically distinct part of a system.,There is a definite bounding surfaces between different phases.A phase can consist of several components.,(4)Composition(组成)is the components and their relative quantities
13、 of a system.,(5)p-T phase diagram(相图)is the diagram which shows the conditions of temperature and pressure for which different phases exist.,(3)Components(组分)is the substance which consist of the system.such as the methane,ethane,propane,butane,etc in the petroleum.,p-T diagram is the most often us
14、ed one in petroleum industry.,3.1 phase behavior of one component system,(1)The Characteristic of one component system,3.Phase Diagram of one-,two-,multi-component system,P1 P2=Pd=Pb Pb Pb Pb P3,Dew point(露点)is the point at which only a small drop of liquid exist(or condensate).,Bubble point(泡点)is t
15、he point at which the first few molecules leave the liquid and form a small bubble of gas.,Characteristic：bubble point(泡点压力)dew point(露点压力)。,(2)P-v diagram of one component system,As temperature increases,the volume change from gas state to liquid state decreases.At Tc the length of horizontal line
16、becomes a point C.,If temperature Tc,the gas can not be liquefied.,Point C is called critical point.Pc-The critical pressure Tc-The critical temperature,(3)P-T diagram of one component system,(1)It is a single linethe vapor pressure line,the locus of bubble points and dew points of the pure substanc
17、e.(2)The critical point C is the highest pressure and highest temperature point at which gas and liquid can coexist.,At point C,all the intensive(内在的)properties of gas and liquid phases,such as viscosity,density etc.become identical.,(3)The phase diagram is divided into the gas region,liquid region
18、and the two-phase region.,liquid region,gas region,two-phase region,(4)With molecular increases the vapor pressure line move to the right side.,The use of phase diagram：to determine the phase behavior of the component at different P and T.,K:Initially entirely liquid,I:Bubble point,Gas,liquid coexis
19、t,I:Dew point,Gas,liquid coexist,G:Entirely in gas state,Example:Constant temperature process KIG:,3.2 Phase Behavior Of Two-Component Systems,(1)It is an envelope(开口环形)line FC-bubble point line,line EC-dew point line.(2)The region bounded by Pb line and Pd line is the two-phase region.Above and to
20、the left of the bubble point line,the mixture exists as a liquid.Below and to the right of the dew point line,the mixture exists as a gas.,(3)The critical point C is the point at which the bubble point line and the dew point line join.,(1)The phase envelope for a mixture lie between the vapor pressu
21、re curves of the pure constituents.,Fig.1.1.6 P-T diagram for the ethane-n-heptane system.,(2)As the composition of the mixture becomes more evenly distributed between the constituents,the two-phase region increases in size.,P7,The characteristic of two phase diagram,(3)As one constituent(组分)becomes
22、 more predominant,the phase envelope tends to shift to the vapor-pressure curve of the major pure component.,(4)The critical temperature Tc of the mixture lies between the critical temperatures of the two pure components.,Pc is usually high then Pc of the two components.,Locus of critical points(临界点
23、轨迹线),(5)a larger difference in molecular size of the components causes the mixtures to have very large critical pressures.,6)a small difference in molecular size of the components causes the small critical pressures.,测定原理：,3.3 Phase behavior of multi-component system(多组分相图),The shape is an envelop.,
24、(1)Characteristic,3.3 Phase behavior of multi-component system(多组分相图),Fig.1.1.8 Phase diagram of a multi-component system,C Critical point；,KC-Bubble point curve.,OC-Dew point curve.,Liquid region-Above the bubble point line；Gas region-Below and to the right of the dew point line Two phase region-Th
25、e region bounded the bubble point line and dew point line.,Dotted lines-the iso vol lines(quality lines)-等液量线,Liquid region,Gas region,Gas region,Two phase region-,Cricondenbar P(临界凝析压力）the highest pressure on the saturation envelope.,Cricondentherm T(临界凝析温度)the highest temperature on the saturation
26、 envelope.,The shaded area-Retrograde region where condensation or vaporization occurs in reverse to the conventional behavior.-isothermal retrograde condensation-isobaric retrograde condensation,(2)Retrograde Condensation(反常凝析）,Point A:entirely gas,Point B:Upper dew point,Point D:maximum amount of
27、liquid,Point E:Lower dew point,Point F:entirely gas,At normal condition,a decrease in pressure causes a change of phase from liquid to gas.But in condensate gas reservoir,the process is exactly the reverse of normal one,hence call it retrograde condensation.,the hydrocarbon system exists as a single
28、 liquid.It is an undersaturated oil reservoir（未饱和油藏）,(3)The use of phase diagram of multi-component system,To determine classification of the hydrocarbon systemTo determine the phase behavior during production period.,Example:point J：,Point A：a condensate gas The reservoir temperature lies between t
29、he critical temperature and the cricondentherm of the system.The reservoir condition is usually above the shade zone.,Point I：the initial reservoir conditions on the bubble point curve,the oil is said to be saturated（饱和油藏）.Gas cap may be exited in this situation.,Point F：Gas reservoir；,4 Phase Diagr
30、ams of Several Typical Oil/Gas Reservoirs,Concepts:,(1)Low-shrinkage crude oil is the oil with a low shrinkage in volume,(2)high-shrinkage crude oil is the oil with a high shrinkage in volume,A crude oil contains a certain amount of lighter hydrocarbons.When it is produced to the surface,the lighter
31、 hydrocarbons evolve from the oil and form gas.This will result in a shrinkage in oil volume.The larger amount of lighter hydrocarbons contained in the oil,the large shrinkage will occur in the oil volume when it is produced to the surface.,4.1 The low-shrinkage crude oil,The phase diagram covers a
32、wide temperature range.The iso-vol lines are near the dew point line.,Fig.1.1.10 low-shrinkage crude oil,Line l23-phase behavior in reservoir.Sseparator condition,Characteristic:,contains large amounts of heavy constituents,the gas-oil ratio is small(0.876).The stock-tank oil is very dark.,Fig.1.1.1
33、1 high-shrinkage crude oil,4.2 The high-shrinkage crude oil,The area of the diagram is smaller.Iso-vol lines are shifted upwards toward the bubble-point line.,-a small reduction in pressure below the bubble point 2,causes the release of a large amount of gas in the reservoir.,Line l23-phase behavior
34、 in reservoir.Sseparator condition,contains more lighter hydrocarbons,higher producing gas-oil ratio(901500m3/m3),the specific gravity less than 0.78.The stock-tank oil is colored.,The phase diagram is smaller than that of oils The reservoir temperature is higher than the critical temperature and lo
35、wer than the cricondentherm.,4.3 Phase Diagram For Retrograde Gas,Fig.1.1.12 retrograde gas,Stock-tank liquid produced from retrograde gas reservoirs often is called condensate.The liquid can be lightly colored,4.4 Phase Diagram For Wet Gas,The area of phase diagram is small.No liquid is formed in t
36、he reservoir Separator conditions lie within the phase envelope.,Fig.1.1.13 wet gas,Stock-tank liquid-condensate.The liquid almost has no color,The type of reservoir is mainly determined by phase diagram.,4.5 Phase Diagram For Dry Gas,The mixture is solely gas in the reservoir.Separator conditions f
37、all outside the phase envelope.,Fig.1.1.14 dry gas,No liquid is formed either in the reservoir or at the surface.,low-shrinkage crude oil,high-shrinkage crude oil,retrograde gas,wet gas,dry gas,From the low-shrinkage crude oil to the dry gas,the phase diagrams have the following characteristics:(1)The critical points shift from right to left.(2)The phase envelopes become smaller.The oils have a broader two-phase region than the gases.(3)The iso-vols shift towards the bubble point lines.,Conclusion to phase behavior,
