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1、Manure and Odor Management Systems for Swine Operations猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统,作者：Steve PohlAgricultural Engineer农业工程师,1-2,Environmental Impact of Swine Manure猪粪对环境的影响,Environmental Benefits of Manure猪粪对环境的好处,N leaching potential 减少氮沥滤作用 soil erosion&runoff 减少土壤侵蚀和径流 soil carbon.土壤的碳增加 crop productivity 提高作物生产
2、率Replace energy intensive N fertilizer&limited resource P fertilizer 能够省下因制造无机氮肥导致的巨大能耗，还能节约磷肥资源,Summary of potential manure contaminants of water quality,the associated environmental risk,and most common pathway to water.小结：粪便物质对水质的污染、有关的环境危害以及对水质最常见的污染途径,Surface runoff 地表水径流,Unsaturated ZoneWater
3、Table地下水位Sand&Gravel AquiferBedrock,Leaching to groundwater沥滤入地下水,Well casings井壁保护层,PrivateWell,Precipitation,1,3,4,Ammonia deposition氨沉降,5,Macropore flow大孔流,1-5,What are the Pathways by which Manure Contaminates Water?粪便造成水污染的途径,化粪池,不饱和区,地下水位,含水沙土层,基岩,储粪罐,私人水井,降雨,Planning and Evaluation of Manure S
4、torage对储粪设施的规划和评述,20-7,Why Do We Store Manure?为什么要储存粪便？,To reduce the need for frequent hauling and land spreading 避免频频装运和施肥To allow land spreading at a time when soil and climatic conditions are suitable 在土壤和气候条件都适宜时进行施肥To allow nutrient application at or near the crops growing season在接近和正处于作物栽培季节时
5、进行施肥,Manure Storage Types储粪设施的类型,Commonly UsedManure Storage Facilities通常应用的储粪设施,Based primarily on type and consistency of manure 主要根据粪便的类型和质地Solid 固体Slurry 粪浆Liquid 液体,系统类型,带圈舍的敞开式牧场,舍饲,稀释,固体物,径流,处理和储存,固体物多于15%,粪浆415%固体物,厌氧发酵池04%固体物,土质储粪池02%固体物,农田施肥,施肥机,植被过滤,抽吸灌溉设备,真空罐或重型泵槽车,去除固体物,Under-floor Deep
6、 Pit Manure Storage 地下深坑储粪坑,地下储粪坑,真空抽吸口,Totally Slatted Deep Pit(3 meters deep)Finishing Barn全条板深坑(3米深)-肥育舍,Shallow Gutter Manure Storage浅储粪槽,18 meters,18米,(两端出口),(一端出口),Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存 Outside Tanks 户外储粪罐,Usually concrete or glass-lined steel tanks.通常是水泥结构或是内衬玻璃的钢板结构Manure may be pumped o
7、r flow into tank by gravity.粪便可用泵抽吸入罐或者靠重力流入罐内Agitation is necessary.需要进行搅动Tanks may be covered for odor control.可将罐盖上，以防臭气四散,20-15,Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存 Earthen Basins土质储粪池,Usually less costly than tanks建造成本低于储粪罐Can accommodate some lot runoff 可容纳露天牧场的一部分径流水Requires soils investigation and seal
8、 construction需要调查土层情况并建造密封层Mowing and berm maintenance required需要对护道进行保养并修剪护道区的植被,Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存 Earthen Basins土质储粪池(continued)(续),Some basins are fully or partially lined with concrete.有些土质储粪池全部或部分内壁衬以水泥Constructed ramps provide access with loading and hauling equipment.要建造斜道，供装运设备进入Basi
9、ns may be emptied with mechanical loading equipment.可配备机械装运设备,20-17,Advantages of Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存的优点,Less volume(higher solids content)than lagoons.所需容量（固体物质含量高）小于发酵池Adaptable to tank storage,either underfloor or aboveground.可储存于储粪罐,储粪罐可建造在地下,也可在地面以上Tanks may becovered for odor control.若用储
10、粪罐，则可加盖以防臭气四散Less nutrient loss than lagoons.养分的损失小于发酵池Manure may be handled hydraulically.可用水压设备抽吸粪便,Disadvantages of Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存的缺点,May be higher odor potential than lagoons or solid manure.臭气大于发酵池 或固体粪便Gases from poorly ventilated underfloor pits may affect animals.通风不良的地下储粪坑中产生的有毒气
11、体有害于动物Toxic or combustible gases can accumulate in enclosed areas.密闭区域内可积聚起有毒或可燃气体,Hauling many loads of manure may be time consuming and labor intensive.多次装运既费时又费工Potential for odor and/or runoff if slurry is surface spread without injection or incorporation.如果田间施肥时仅施于土表，则易于散发臭气并随径流水流走,Disadvantage
12、s of Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存的缺点(continued)(续),Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池,Commonly used when some treatment needed for handling or reduced odors常用于需要进行处理以便于装运及减少臭气的场合Contain a permanent treatment volume for bacteria留有永久性的处理空间供细菌活动Earthen structures larger than slurry facilities土质结构，大于粪浆储存设施
13、,Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池(continued)(续),Site and soils investigation required.需要对建造地点的土壤和地质情况进行调查Properly constructed seal is necessary to control seepage.必须建造密封层以防渗流Designed on basis of temperature as well as manure volume.根据温度和粪便量进行设计Perform better in warmer climates.天气温暖时性能较好,20-22,Liqu
14、id Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池(continued)(续),Source of dilution water facilitates prefilling lagoon at startup开始时要先用稀释水灌注粪池Helps maintain treatment volume during periods of dry weather有助于在天气干旱时保持处理空间Reduces effects of salt buildup in lagoons可减轻池内积聚盐类,Advantages of Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池
15、的优点,May be least cost per unit of storage 单位储存容量的成本较低Ability to store large amounts of manure and/or lot runoff 能够储存大量粪便和牧场径流水Provides some treatment of manure,reducing odors and degrading solids 能对粪便进行一定的处理、减少臭气并分解其中的固体物Enables handling of manure with pumping and spreading equipment 能用泵和分离设备对粪便进行处理
16、,Nitrogen lost and retained in various types of manure handling and storage systems.各种粪便处理、储存设施中氮的损失和潴留,Cost and Economics of Manure Storage Facilities储粪设施的成本和经济,Cost should be integrated into an economic analysis of the complete manure management system.成本应融入对整个粪便管理系统的经济分析之中A complete economic anal
17、ysis may not support selection of the lowest cost manure storage facility.全面经济分析的结果可能并不支持采用最低成本的储粪设施,Comparison of costs of different types of manure storage facilities.不同类型储粪设施的成本比较,Sizing Manure Storages储粪设施的大小,Manure Storage Size储粪设施的大小,Determined by volume of manure produced,rainfall,runoff,wash
18、 water,and fresh water used for flushing 决定于粪便产量、降雨量、径流水量、冲洗水量和用于冲洗的新鲜水量Storage period needed储存期限Short Term 短期Mid Term 中期Long Term 长期,Table 8.Manure Characteristics(pigs).猪粪的特点,Evaluate Total Rainfall总降雨量估测,Total rainfall for Kunming equals 950 mm 昆明总降雨量950毫米Other locations 1900 mm 其它地点1900毫米,昆明,降雨量
19、(毫米),温度(),1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12,月份,右图中：柱状代表降雨曲线代表温度,Water:source of trouble?水是麻烦的根源？,The wetter the waste,the more difficult it is to manage.粪便越湿，则越难管理Transport,storage,and treatment become more expensive.运输、储存和处理都很昂贵Feces are 30%dry matter.粪便含干物质 30%Lagoon waste is 1%-2%dry matter.粪便发酵池粪便含干物质1
20、2%,Typical water usage rates for cleaning swine production areas.清洗猪生产区的典型用水量,Water waste can be reduced.可减少废水Design water-independent waste collection system.设计不用水的粪便收集系统Place special water nipples or cups under nipples.使用特殊的饮水乳头或在饮水乳头下放置水杯Use wt-dry or liquid feeders.使用干-湿饲槽或液体饲槽Fix water leaks an
21、d use low-water cleaning methods 修理漏水处，使用低水量清洗方法Prevent rain water from entering waste stream.防止雨水进入粪便管理系统,Water:source of trouble?水是麻烦的根源？(continued)(续),Manure Utilization and Treatment Technologies粪便利用和处理技术,Manure Treatment Options,Natural Systems天然系统,Vegetative filter strips 植被过滤带Overland flow 地表
22、水流Constructed wetlands 人工湿地,Constructed Wetlands人工湿地,Types include surface flow,subsurface flow,reciprocating,and wetland pond包括地表水流，表层下水流，交互水流和湿地池,Solids Separation固体物分离,Solids Separation固体物分离,Gravity or Mechanical 重力或机械Reduce organic loading to storage or treatment unit减少储粪池或处理设施中的有机物Reduce liquid
23、 manure volume and N content 减少液体的量和氮含量,Solid Separation 固体物分离,Flexibility in application 应用灵活Odor reduction 减少臭气Compost or direct application 制作堆肥或直接施用于田间Value-added products 增值产品,Gravity Separation 重力分离,Land and slope requirement 需要场地和斜坡many farms have limited space between barns and lagoon/basins
24、 许多猪场在猪舍和粪池之间的空间有限Modify plumbing to collect manure from all houses要重排管道，要能从所有的猪舍收集粪便Requires loader to remove solids 需要装载机以清除固体物,穿孔管道出口孔=14英寸,水泥沉降池,池高,12英尺,1英寸/英尺的斜坡,池长,池宽,9号，3/4英寸展延金属丝网，与墙壁斜度18度。4英尺可取下,2-cell concrete settling basin2室水泥沉降池,Inlet,Outlet,Outlet,出口,出口,进口,Is This Manure Handling Syste
25、m Properly Sized?此粪便处理系统的大小合适吗？,Gravity Screen Separation重力筛分离,Gravity Screen with Roller Press重力筛+辊筒压榨,Screw Press Separators螺旋压榨分离分离机,Composting制作堆肥,Aerobic biological process to treat organic wastes 处理有机废物的需氧生物学过程C:N and%Moisture 碳:氮比和水分含量Volume,odor and nutrient reduction 减少体积、臭气和养分Land applicat
26、ion,soil amendment 用于田间，可改良土壤Marketing and quality control are limiting factors for off-farm use 销售渠道和质量控制是猪场外应用的限制因素,Windrow w/Mechanical Aeration干草加机械曝气,Static Pile w/Forced Aeration静态堆积加强制曝气,Safety安全问题,Signage and Fencing 警示牌和围栏Toxic Gases 有毒气体When stored manure is agitated 对储存的粪便进行搅动时Hydrogen Su
27、lfide 硫化氢Provide maximum ventilation 要提供最大通风,Safety安全问题,“Do not allow anyone to enter a manure tank without a self-contained breathing apparatus and use the buddy system”.不可让任何人在未戴上防毒呼吸机的情况下进入储粪设施，进入时必须实行各自为对方安全负责的“两人同行制”,Keeping an Eye on Water Quality关注水质问题,Take time to walk your operation 花费些时间巡视
28、你的猪场Monitor water quality 注意水质问题Observe minimum setbacks 要寻找哪怕是最小的问题Develop a nutrient management plan 制定养分管理计划,All nutrients(not just N),pathogens,andother biologically sensitive materials in manure must be considered to use it in the most economical,environmentally safe manner.对粪便中所有的养分(不仅是氮)、病原体和
29、其它生物学敏感物质,都应该考虑以最经济而安全的方式加以利用,Airborne Emissions from Animal Facilities:Big Concern来自饲养设施的气源散发：巨大的担忧,Air Emission Concerns担忧气源散发,Who 谁在担忧Communities and neighbors 社区和邻居Producers 生产者Government agencies 政府部门,担忧什么Odor臭味Property value 财产价值Health健康Cost成本Other其他,Health Impacts 对健康的危害,Psychological respons
30、e 生理上的反应Greater anger,depression,fatigue 愤怒，沮丧和疲劳Physiological response 生理反应Allergic reactions to dust/bacteria 对尘埃/细菌的变态反应Reports of nausea,vomiting,headache 恶心，呕吐和头痛Health risks are poorly documented.已经证明了对健康造成威胁,Airborne Emission Sources 臭气来源,2.Storage 储粪池,1.Housing 猪舍,3.Land Application 田间施肥,40-
31、59,Baseline Emission Levels基础散发水平,Building emissions,along with emissions from the manure storage,form a baseline emission level for a production site.来自畜舍、粪便储存设施的散发物，以及来自生产场所的基础水平散发物。,Anaerobic Conditions Create Most Odor Compounds厌氧条件会产生最多的臭气物质,ComplexorganicCompounds复杂的有机化合物,VolatileodorousCompou
32、nds可挥发的臭气化合物,Odor-producingBacteria产生臭气的细菌,Key Points 关 键 点,Air quality concerns arise from three sources:buildings,manure storage,and land application.空气质量问题来自三个方面：畜舍，储粪池和粪肥的田间施用Emissions include dust,odors,and gases.散发物包括灰尘，臭气和各种有毒气体Of the three,odors are the most difficult to quantify.以上3种中，臭气最难加
33、以量化。Odors are gas mixtures at extremely low concentrations 臭气是最小浓度的多种气体的混合物,Reducing Odor Generation 减少臭气产生,Dietary Manipulations to Reduce Odor Generation通过日粮调控减少臭气产生,Balancing animal performance with reductions in odor generation 在动物生产性能和减少臭气产生之间求得平衡,Strategies for Swine 解决猪场臭气问题的策略,Feed low prote
34、in diets 饲喂低蛋白日粮Phase feeding 分阶段饲喂Low sulfur diets 降低日粮中硫水平Addition of fermentable carbohydrates 添加可发酵的碳水化合物,Additives 添加剂,Many additives are available to add to pits,lagoons,or animal feed.They work in different ways:现有很多添加剂可以添加到粪坑，发酵池或者动物饲料中。它们有多种作用方式：chemical,化学制品-disinfectants,消毒剂microbial,微生物-
35、deodorants,除臭剂enzymatic,酶-Adsorbents 吸附剂others.其他Some work;some do not.有些添加剂起作用；有些则无用,Reducing Odor Generation减少臭气产生Summary 小结,Nutritionally,we can control the level of nutrient excretion 从营养学角度说，我们能够控制养分的排泄水平Must be economical for the producer 对于养殖者来说，必须是经济的Additives vary in effectiveness 添加剂的作用效果千
36、差万别Operations vary in effectiveness of the same additive 同样一种添加剂在不同猪场的效果亦不相同,Reducing Odor Emission from Building Sources减少从畜舍散发的臭气Manure Storages粪池,41-68,Two Approaches to Minimizing Odor Emissions from Buildings 减少畜舍臭气的两种方法,Minimize the odor generated in the building 将从畜舍产生的臭气降低到最少Capture and trea
37、t odor as it is emitted from the building(s)将从畜舍产生的臭气加以阻挡和处理,What is Biofiltration?何谓生物过滤？,Biofiltration of Air 空气的生物过滤 The use of microorganisms to oxidize volatile organic compounds and oxidizable inorganic gases and vapors.用微生物氧化挥发的有机化合物以及可被氧化的无机气体和蒸汽,Biofilter Configuration 生物滤器的结构,机械通风的猪舍,臭味空气,
38、猪舍地下粪池,排风扇,灰尘冲击器,臭气减少了的空气,生物滤材,滤材支撑,压力气体,气体管道,Gestation Farrowing Biofilters妊娠-分娩舍的生物滤器,Biofilters生物滤器,ODOR REDUCTION SWINE臭气减少-猪,臭气单位,生物过滤器入口处气体,从生物过滤器排出的气体,日期,97年12月,98-4月,98年8月,98年12月,99年4月,99年8月,99年12月,00-4月,00-8月,Placing Media on Pallets在草垫上放置生物滤材,Farrowing Biofilter分娩舍的生物滤器,Synthetic Covers 人造
39、覆盖物,Rigid(wooden or concrete)or flexible(plastic)covers hold gases and odors inside tank.坚硬的（木制或者水泥）或柔软的（塑料）覆盖物防止粪池中气体和臭气挥发出来Most flexible covers float on the liquid surface.大多数柔软的覆盖物漂浮在液体表面,Bio or Straw Covers生物或者稻草盖子,Blowing straw on earthen storage将碎秸杆吹入土质粪池,Thin biocover on storage after 1 week一
40、周后在粪池表面加上薄层生物覆盖,Swine Facility with Two-Stage Lagoon 猪场：两阶段发酵池,Factors Affecting Odor Release and Dispersion影响臭气释放和传播的因素,Landscaping Improves Appearance and Hides Storage.绿化美化粪池表面并将其掩盖,Perception is Reality!感觉就是现实！,Liquid/Solid Separation液体/固体分离,Settling Basin 沉淀池,Anaerobic Treatment 厌氧处理,Anaerobic
41、treatment takes place in the absence of oxygen;the most common type is the anaerobic lagoon.厌氧处理在无氧环境下进行；最常见的类型是建立厌氧发酵池。Anaerobic digesters are similar but provide more intense treatment.厌氧消化器与此类似，但有更强的处理能力Digesters are heated and the manure is thicker than lagoons.消化器可被加热，粪便比发酵池中的更为浓稠 Gas productio
42、n potential is greater for anaerobic than for aerobic systems.厌氧环境下产生的气体多于有氧系统下产生的气体。An overloaded condition can cause intense odors and gases.超载的结果会产生强烈烈的臭气和气体,Odor Summary臭气总结,Odor can be measured 臭气可以测量Technologies exist to reduce odor 已有可减少臭气产生的技术Being a Good Neighbor is important for Community
43、Relations 在社区内，做一个好邻居很重要Odor movement can be modeled 臭气的移动可以被定型,This material is based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Research,Education,and Extension Service,U.S.Department of Agriculture;the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,the National Agriculture Assistance Center;and the University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,under Cooperative Agreement Number 97-EXCA-3-0642.本材料依据的是美国农业部州际合作研究、教育和推广局；美国环保局；全国农业协助中心；内布拉斯加大学合作推广站；内布拉斯加-林肯大学等单位按97-EXCA-3-0642号合作协议资助的工作,Funding资 助,Thank you 谢谢！,
