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1、Gilbert Highet,Diogenes and Alexander,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Questions/Activities,Check-on Preview,Objectives,Warming up,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Warming up,Questions/Activities,What does the author tell us about Diogenes?Who was he?What was his philosophy?What did he think was the probl
2、em with people?How did he intend to help them?What were the key values he promoted?How,in his opinion,could we find true happiness?What does the author tell us about Alexander?What did this king have in common with Diogenes,the beggar?Why was Alexander considered a man of destiny?How would you contr
3、ast the two characters?Why did Alexander decide to visit Diogenes?What did Diogenes really mean when he said that Alexander was blocking the sunlight?,Define the following words and phrases:a mischievous pebble(para.1)elaborate(para.4)by design(para.6)restrained(para.12)chivalrous(para.12),Warming u
4、p,Check-on Preview,Paraphrase:Live without conventions,which are artificial and false;escape complexities and extravagances:only so can you live a free life.(para.4)His lifes aim was clear to him:it was“to restamp the currency”:to take the clean metal of human life,to erase the old false conventiona
5、l markings,and to imprint it with its true values.(para.5),Warming up,Check-on Preview,Objectives,1.Content:differences and similarities between Diogenes and AlexanderCynicism and its present significance philosophy vs.powerWriting:comparison and contrast DiogenesAlexanderDiogenesother beggars/hermi
6、ts/philosophersAlexanderother Macedonians(officers&officials)Here,the alternating comparison/contrast(subject by subject)is used.,Warming up,Background,Alexander,Diogenes,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Background,Diogenes,1.Who was Diogenes?A beggarA philosopherA missionaryDoctrine:Cynicism the doctr
7、ine that scorned worldly needs and pleasures and held that virtue was the key to the only good,Background,Cynicism in modern sense:the belief of a cynic,who maintains that people are all motivated by selfishness,that no one will help others for good and sincere reasons2.What are the major tenets(pri
8、nciples)of Cynicism?Do you find any expressions of these principles in the text?self-sufficiencyshamelessnessoutspokennessperfection of virtue,Diogenes,Background,Alexander,Macedonian King:son of PhilipThe Thinker:student of AristotleThe Conqueror:Greece,Asia,EgyptWhy do you think he wanted to bring
9、 so many regions under his rule?,Background,Alexander the Greats Empire,Alexander,Background,Alexander the Greats Empire,Alexander,Text Analysis,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Diogenes:the beggar(paras.1-3),Text Analysis,Character Analysis,cask,a storage jar made of earthenware,a house(big,with many
10、rooms),none,beds,chairs,etc.(elaborate),blanket(half-naked),clothes(expensive),bits of food begged from others,drinking from his hollowed hands,elaborate,none,horses,servants,bank accounts(anxious),a life by choice,out of principle natural,healthy,independent,a life as slaves of their possessions ar
11、tificial,anxious,loss of virtue,Diogenes:the beggar(paras.1-3)There are contrasts within the broad contrast.How did Diogenes contrast with ordinary homeless people?,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Diogenes:the philosopher(para.4)“A Socrates gone mad”:repositioning of convention below nature and rea
12、son2.Three key principles:living in accord with naturetotal disregard of conventionindependence(freedom)being the only true,lasting good,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Diogenes:the missionary(para.5)1.Comparison with ordinary hermitsSimilarities:Both grew tired of human society with its complicati
13、ons and wanted to live simply.Differences:,Text Analysis,hermitswent away to live simplyon a small farm,in a quiet village or a cave,Diogeneshad a sense of mission,deliberately chose to live in the busy streets in Athens or Corinth,in order to convert people,Character Analysis,Diogenes:the missionar
14、y(para.5)2.What was his mission?“to restamp the currency”call people back to the natural way of lifetrue life,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Diogenes:ways of teaching(para.6)How did Diogenes differ from other philosophers of his time?Plato:taught his private pupils in his Academy,which he founded
15、as one of the earliest centers of advanced learning in the world.Aristotle:taught his own private pupils by the use of laboratory,instruments,and specimens.Diogenes:taught all those who would care to listen by his own example or by taking people around him for examples.,Text Analysis,Character Analy
16、sis,Diogenes:ways of teaching(para.6)He carried a lighted lamp in broad daylight and inspected the face of everyone he met.,Text Analysis,“When you are all so busy,I feel I ought to do something!”,Character Analysis,Alexander:citizen of the world(paras.11-13)1.King:different from other Macedonians d
17、rinking?women?fighting?2.Thinker:Aristotles pupil,he learned culturephilosophyprinciples of scientific research3.Conquerortook command of the League of Greek Statescommander-in-chief of a new expedition against old,rich,corrupt Asia,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Character Analysis,Text Analysis,“
18、Stand to one side.Youre blocking the sunlight.”,The Dramatic Encounter(paras.14-17),The differences and similarities between the two historical characters.DifferencesSimilarities,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Differences,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,high,treated with respect,greeted with a bo
19、w and acclamation,lying on the bare earth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,like a beggar,a dog,handsome face,fiery glance,strong body,purple and gold cloak,air of destiny,philosopher,missionary,great monarch,conqueror,low,treated with contempt and disapproval,none,rejecting possession or power,land and a
20、bsolute power,“restamp the currency”:to call people back to the simple and natural lifetrue value,bring people of the whole world to the light of civilization,Both were great thinkers.Both had a sense of mission.Both were“citizens of the world,”admiring the heroic figure of Hercules,who labored for
21、mankind.Both were free.,Similarities,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Text Analysis,Structure,1,Paras.1-10Diogenes(life,philosophy,mission,ways of teaching),2,Paras.11-13Alexander(a philosopher king with an inquiring,noble mind),3,Paras.14-17their dramatic encounter,Sometimes they threw bits of food
22、,and got scant thanks;sometimes a mischievous pebble,and got a shower of stones and abuse.(para.1)Sometimes people would throw bits of food to him,but he hardly thanked them at all.Sometimes they would throw a pebble at him for fun,but get a shower of stones and a stream of abuse in return.,Part I:P
23、araphrase,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,2.His lifes aim was clear to him:it was“to restamp the currency”:to take the clean metal of human life,to erase the old false conventional markings,and to imprint it with its true values.(para.5)His purpose in life was clear to him:it was“to reprint the coin
24、s.”Human life can be taken as the clean coins which are imprinted with false markings.He was to remove the false markings and print the true values on it.In other words,his aim in life was to call on people to reject the false,conventional way of life and return to the simple and natural life.,Part
25、I:Paraphrase,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Having no work to go to and no family to provide _,he was free.(para.1)provide for:give sb the things that they need to live,such as food,clothingTranslation他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹。He has to provide for his aged parents and two sister who are still at schoo
26、l.道路被切断，无法给部队提供给养。The road was cut off and supplies could not be provided for the troops.,for,Part I:Words&Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,2.As the market place _ up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners,he had _ through it for an hour or two.(para.1)Cf.wander,roam,ramble
27、,strollTranslation中间还有两个小时，因此她逛了一趟商业中心。There were still two hours to go,so she strolled through the shopping mall.漫步海边，感觉太好了。Its wonderful to take a stroll along the seaside.,strolled,filled,Part I:Words&Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,3.He thought everybody lived far too _,expensively,a
28、nxiously.What good is a house?(para.2)Translation彼得制定了一个非常详尽的计划来筹措资金。Peter worked out an elaborate scheme for raising the fund.他们为局长准备了一桌精美的饭菜，结果被狠狠批评了一顿。They prepared a very elaborate meal for the bureau head only to be severely criticized.,elaborately,Part I:Words&Expressions,Text Analysis,Detaile
29、d Analysis,4.No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture:the animals _ and sleep on the ground.All we require,since nature did not dress us properly,is one garment to keep us warm,and some shelter from rain and wind.(para.2)Translation这名警察死时很年轻，但他的一生过得很有意义。The policeman died young,but he lived a
30、 meaningful life.作为一个探险者，他的一生充满了冒险。As an explorer,he lived an adventurous life.,live healthy lives,Part I:Words&Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,he spent much of his life inCorinth,mocking and satirizing its people,and occasionally _ one of them.(para.2)convert:to make sb change from one
31、religion or belief to another Ann has converted to Islam recently.Marxist literature converted him into a staunch revolutionary.Cf.to make sth change from one form,system to a different one This is part of the process of converting iron into steel.to change from one object into another I cant see ho
32、w this plastic sheet converts into a tent.,Part I:Words&Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,converting,6.He was not the first to _ such a thing.But he was the first who ever did so _ choice,_ principle.(para.3)inhabit Some of the rare species inhabit the area.by choice She took the job in th
33、e West by choice.out of Just out of curiosity,why did you take that job?,Part I:Words&Expressions,inhabit,by,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,out of,7.They _ him.He is their slave.In order to procure a quantity of false,perishable goods he has sold the only true,lasting good,his own independence.(par
34、a.4)Cf.What possessed him to say a stupid thing like that?She seemed possessed.Nobody could talk her out of it.,Part I:Words&Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,possess,8.Therefore,he chose to live in Athens or Corinth,where travelers from all over the Mediterranean world constantly came and
35、 went.And,design,he publicly behaved in such ways as to show people what real life was.(para.6)Translation世界是有意缔造的呢，还是偶然形成的呢？Was the world made by design or did it come into existence by chance?,Part I:Words&Expressions,by,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,1.The little square began to fill with people
36、page boys,soldiersthey all gradually formed a circle around Diogenes.He looked them _,as a sober man looks at a crowd of tottering drunks,and shook his head.(para.11)look over:(here)examine,scrutinizeMore examples with“over”:think over,talk over,read over,go over,Part II:Words&Expressions,over,Text
37、Analysis,Detailed Analysis,With his handsome face,his f_ glance,his strong body,his purple and gold cloak,and his air of d_,he moved through the parting crowd toward the Dogs k_.(para.14)Looking at the poor broken cask,the single r_ garment,and the rough figure lying on the ground,he said:“Is there
38、anything I can do for you,Diogenes?”(para.15)more examples:beloved wife,blessed morning,a wicked man,my aged parents,a rugged coastline,Part III:Words&Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,iery,estiny,ennel,agged,3.The Macedonian officers,after deciding that Diogenes was not _ the trouble of k
39、icking,were starting to _ and nudge one another.(para.17)Cf.worth,worthwhile,worthya worthwhile cause/discussion/jobHigh prices in the UK make it worthwhile for buyers to look abroad.be worthy of attention/consideration/mentionA number of the findings are worthy of note.a worthy champion/winner/son,
40、Part III:Words&Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,worth,guffaw,Cf.grin,guffaw,titter,chuckle,gigglegrin:to make a wide smileguffaw:to laugh loudlytitter:to laugh in a suppressed waychuckle:to laugh softly in a low tonegiggle:to laugh quietly in a silly,childish,uncontrolled way,Part III:Wor
41、ds&Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Reinforcement,Writing Techniques,Discussion,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Translation,Reinforcement,Writing Techniques,Comparison&Contrast examplesuse transitional words or expressions to make comparison and achieve unity:not so(para.5),the otherbut for
42、(para.6)use transitional paragraph to achieve coherence2.Parallelism achieve increased strength,sounding more powerful,more effective,e.g.para.143.Euphemism e.g.done his business,natural acts,He was one,but not the other.(para.1)Not so Diogenes.(para.5)But for Diogenes,(para.6)Alexander was far olde
43、r and wiser than his years.(para.12)Like all Macedonians he loved(para.12)he was a magnificent commander,but he was not merely a military automaton.(para.12)Only Diogenes,although he lived in Corinth,did not visit the new monarch.(para.13)Diogenes merely sat upDiogenes said nothing.(para.14)He under
44、stood Cynicism as the others could not.(para.17)Like Diogenes,he admired(para.17)who labored to help mankind while all others toiled(para.17),Reinforcement,Writing Techniques,Reinforcement,4.Transferred Epitheta figure of speech that carries the modifier across and puts it on to another word which i
45、s not normally modified by it,so as to stress the emotions or feelingse.g.a mischievous pebble(para.1)(It is Diogenes,not the pebble,that is mischievous.);amazed silence(para.17)(It is the crowd,not the silence,that is amazed.)5.Analogy e.g.drawing a parallel between“change the values”and“restamp th
46、e currency”(para.5),Writing Techniques,If you think of yourself as a person with a mission,a mission to serve the people,would you rather be Diogenes with his philosophy or Alexander with his power?Does Cynicism have any relevance to todays realities?,Reinforcement,Discussion,1.possess他被逮捕并被指控拥有攻击性武
47、器。我不知道他着了什么魔，在那条繁忙的街道上把车子开得那么快。他挥着刀子又喊又叫，像是着了魔。2.form不同的国家有不同的政体，对此我们应当予以更多的理解。这些人排成一行，把货物从大车上传递到船上。援助可以以多种形式进行，如个人服务或现金等。,Reinforcement,Translation,3.roll司机摇下车窗和警察说话。展览结束后，这些油画被人从画框中取下来，卷起来以收藏。船摇动得厉害，我们感到头晕。4.appoint他被任命为销售部经理。指派一个律师到这个岗位还是有道理的。已任命一个委员会来调查这些投诉。,Reinforcement,Translation,5.account他在会上向我们简单地描述了那天发生的情况。我们在任何情况下都不能忘记我们的“根”。现在乡镇企业总产值已快占全市总产值一半以上了。他得向主席说明他是如何支配公司的资金的。坏天气不足以用来解释今年庄稼为何欠收。,Reinforcement,Translation,
