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1、1,English Editing Workshop:Making“Good”Better 英文编辑的讲修会:使文章“好”上加好November 2007by Chad Walker(王可杰)理文编辑总编辑,2,Writing in General写作总体要求,The Better You Can Write English,the Better You Can Edit It 英文写的好则编的更好,3,Words用词,Commonly Confused and Misused Words常见易混易错单词,4,Practice Exercise!练习,Check your knowledge
2、of commonly confused and misused words,5,Articles a/an vs.the不定冠词a/an与定冠词the,“a/an”:used when the noun can exist in more than one form or as more than one case:“a/an”:用于可数或单数名词之前“the”:used when no more than one instance exists or is likely to exist in the future:“the”:指目前或将来独一无二事物 Experience using a
3、nd reading them is the key!使用与阅读最为关键,A new species of Escherichia was identified.“(other species also exist),The organism responsible for the outbreak was Escherichia coli.,6,2.affect/effect(and impact),“effect”as a noun is the“result of some action.”“effect”作为名词时，表示“行为的结果”“affect”as a verb is“to in
4、fluence.”“affect”作为 动词时，意思为“影响”BUT“effect”as a verb is to“bring about a change.”“effect”作为动词时，意思为“引起变化”“affect”as a noun is the feeling or emotion caused by somebodys demeanor,action,or speech.“affect”作为名词时，意思为由于某人行为举止或语言引起的感受或情绪“impact”should be used only to describe“striking of one body against an
5、other”and should not be used as“affect.”“impact”只用于描述“一件事对另一件事”产生的冲击，不能作为“affect”使用,7,2.affect/effect(and impact),(influence the recovery in some way)(produce/cause the recovery)Luckily,the medicine did not adversely affect the patient.Many scientists believe that global warming is the effect of gre
6、enhouse-gas emissions.,.,“Ingesting massive doses of ascorbic acid may affect his recovery.”,“Ingesting massive doses of ascorbic acid may effect his recovery.”,8,3.because/as/since,“as”used only in temporal,not causal,sense.“as”表示时间，而不是因果关系“because”used to show causal action.“because”表示因果关系“since”u
7、sed to show temporal relation.“since”表示时间关系,“As we were completing the paper,new evidence came to light.”,“Five participants could not complete the follow up questionnaire because they had moved out of the target district.”,Since we completed the study,there have been 3 additional outbreaks.,9,4.bec
8、ause of/due to,“due to”=adjective+preposition,adjectival phrase meaning“attributable to”or“caused by”归因于“because of”=conjunction+preposition,adverbial phrase meaning“as a result of”or“owing to”因为由于*Tip:Use“attributable to”and“as a result of”to determine thecorrect one.,The problem was due to mechani
9、cal failure.,“The problem occurred because of mechanical failure.”,10,parable/similar(and same),“comparable”:adjective indicating an item lending itself to comparison with a similar term.可与相比的,类似的“similar”:adjective indicating likeness.相似,“Because the methods are different,the statistics are not com
10、parable.”,The mortality rates in Sweden and Chile are similar.,11,parable/similar(and same),*Tip:“Same”is sometimes mistakenly used when“similar”is the correct word.“Same”means exactly the same,or“identical,”which is not often the case when comparing scientific results,especially when comparing the
11、results of two different studies.“Same”有时会与“similar”混淆。“Same”指完全一样，或“identical”，通常不用于科研结果的比较,特别是两项不同研究的比较,12,pose/comprise/constitute,“compose”*1)active verb meaning to form,to make up a single object,to go together.构成，主动语态*2)passive verb meaning the same as“comprise.”构成，被动语态“comprise”(verb)to inclu
12、de,contain,be made up of.包括，包含“constitute”means the same as“compose.”“constitute”与“compose.”意思相同,“Fifty states compose the United States of America.”,“The United States of America is composed of 50 states.”,“The United States of America comprises 50 states.”,13,7.currently/presently/at present(and n
13、ow),“currently”(preferred)and“at present”mean“now.”现在“presently”means“soon”,“shortly”,“in the near future.”不久的将来*Tip:“Now”is often mistakenly used in manuscripts when“currently”or“at present”is better.最好使用currently”或“at present”，“Now”经常被错误使用,“There are currently no available studies on Han Chinese p
14、opulations.”,“Presently,we will go to the Forbidden City.”,14,8.demonstrate/exhibit/reveal/show,“demonstrate”should be used only for deliberate action intended to illustrate an action or procedure.演示“exhibit”is used for deliberate action to make visible.展示*NOT used to mean passively carrying somethi
15、ng.不用于表示被动地体现某事物 The patient exhibited a rash The patient had a rash.”,“The technician demonstrated how to operate the pH meter.”,He exhibited the mineral specimens at the last congress.,15,8.demonstrate/exhibit/reveal/show,“reveal”is an action to make visible what has been hidden.It is not a synony
16、m for“report.”揭示显示*Tip:Non-living things cannot“demonstrate”anything;sentences like“The data demonstrated that.”should be avoided.“demonstrate”的主语应该是生命体，像“The data demonstrated that.”这样的用法应当避免。,“The X-ray revealed a tumor in the lower part of the stomach.”,16,9.significant vs.important/great/major/v
17、aluable,“significant”should be used to mean serving as“pointing to,”especially in the statistical sense of reaching a numeric threshold.通常用于统计学意义达到一定数值的上限或下限*Tip:Use the other words only when statistical significance is not intended.如不单纯表示统计学意义，建议使用其它单词,“The mean blood pressure was significantly low
18、ered,with a P value of 0.05”,“The results of this research will be of great value to all nanotechnology researchers.”,17,10.employ/utilize vs.use,“use”:adequate in most cases to mean applying or drawing on for a purpose.“use”:使用广泛，表示为达到某一目的采用的方法与事物“employ”:can also mean to put a person to work or pu
19、t an object to use.“employ”:聘用某人或采用某物*Tip:There is really no reason to use“utilize”in scientific writing.在科学写作中，实在无必要使用“utilize”,“An autorefractor was used to measure refractive error.”,“All of the subjects had been employed at the company since 1997 or earlier.”,18,parable/similar(and same),*Tip:“S
20、ame”is sometimes mistakenly used when“similar”is the correct word.“Same”means exactly the same,or“identical,”which is not often the case when comparing scientific results,especially when comparing the results of two different studies.“Same”有时会与“similar”混淆。“Same”指完全一样，或“identical”，通常不用于科研结果的比较,特别是两项不
21、同研究的比较,19,Be Concise简洁,B.Phrases短语,20,Practice Exercise!练习!,When writing science,its important to be clear and use as few words as possible科学写作：表达清晰，使用短句,21,How did you do?你会选择哪些词？,a majority of a number of at a rapid rateas a consequence ofat this point in timebased on the fact thatcompletely fille
22、d despite the fact thatdue to the fact that,mostmany,several,somerapidlybecause ofnow,currentlybecausefilledalthoughbecause,22,during the course of fewer in number for the purpose of examininghas the capability of in all casesin connection with in the event thatin the near futureIt has been reported
23、 by Wangit is often the case that,during,whilefewerto examinecan,is able toalways,invariablyabout,concerningifsoonWang reportedoften,23,it is possible that the cause isit is worth pointing out that it would thus appear that large amounts oflarge in sizelarge numbers of located in,located nearon the
24、basis ofoval in shape,oval-shapedprior to in time,the cause may benote thatapparentlymuchlargemanyin,nearfrom,by,becauseovalbefore,24,C.Sentences 句子,Short is the Key简短是关键,25,Shorter Sentences短句,The trend in scientific writing is toward shorter sentences with less punctuation.科技文章写作的趋势是：句子更简短，少用标点符号,
25、26,Sentence Structure(句子结构),In 1600 the average length of an English sentence was 40 to 60 words1600年，一个英语句子平均有40到60个单词In 1900 the average length was 21 words1900年，平均有21个单词,27,Sentence Structure,In 1970 the average length was 17 words1970年，平均有17个单词Now the average length of an English sentence is 12
26、to 17 words现在，一个英语句子平均有12到17个单词,28,Sentence Structure,Chinese uses long sentences中文使用长句子Englishparticularly scientific Englishuses very short sentences英语特别是科技英语使用非常短的句子,29,Sentence Structure,Short sentences are the NORMThey dont sound childish短句是准则这样并不显得幼稚,30,Exercise:Break down long sentences 练习：分解
27、长句子1,New descriptors of local environment and atomic state,the X and Y indexes,can accurately reflect electron distribution around atoms in different chemical microenvironments,therefore when these were applied to characterize a local chemical environment and atomic self-state,a satisfactory result
28、was obtained to simulate and predict the 13C chemical shift of 22 natural amino acids and 4 non-natural amino acids.,31,Exercise:Break down long sentences 练习：分解长句子2,New descriptors of local environment and atomic state,the X and Y indexes,can accurately reflect electron distribution around atoms in
29、different chemical microenvironments.When these were applied to characterize a local chemical environment and atomic self-state,a satisfactory result was obtained to simulate and predict the 13C chemical shift of 22 natural amino acids and 4 non-natural amino acids.,32,Exercise:Break down long sente
30、nces 练习：分解长句子3,New descriptors of local environment and atomic state,the X and Y indexes,can accurately reflect electron distribution around atoms in different chemical microenvironments.These were applied to characterize a local chemical environment and atomic self-state.A satisfactory result was o
31、btained to simulate and predict the 13C chemical shift of 22 natural amino acids and 4 non-natural amino acids.,33,Sentence Structure,Even though the grammar can be similar sometimes,Chinese sentences can be very different from English sentences尽管某些语法相似，但中/英文句式却可以完全不同,34,Sentence Structure,For examp
32、le,Chinese is a head noun language;all modifiers precede the elements that they modify.中文是以名词开头的语言；所有修饰词都放在修饰的成分之前如:这本我昨天在这儿买的书。,35,Sentence Structure,In English,some modifiers go in front of the nounand some are placed after the noun.在英语句子中，有些修饰语放在名词前面，而有些则放在名词后面The book that I bought here yesterda
33、y.,36,Sentence Structure,A modified soils single sorption.The single sorption of a modified soil.,37,Sentence Structure,Correcting sentence structure:修改句子结构If possible,dont translate from Chinese.Write in English from the start.尽量不要翻译中文，而用英文写作,38,Sentence Structure,An important rule:重要的规则：,同一个句子，同一个
34、意思,ONE SENTENCE,ONE IDEA,同一个世界，同一个梦想,39,D.Punctuation标点符号,Punctuation Has the Power to Completely Change the Meaning of a Sentence 标点可以完全改变句子意思,40,1.Commas:Be careful about commas with essential and nonessential information逗号：注意必要和非必要信息,41,Ask yourself,“Is the information essential or is it extra in
35、formation that could be omitted”?问你自己：“此信息必要吗,或是否为多余信息进行省略”?,42,If the information is essential,do NOT use commas.如果此信息是重要的,不要使用逗号。,43,If the information is extra,nonessential,information,you MUST use commas.如果此信息是附加的，不必要的，必须使用逗号。,44,Correct:正确用法 The equipment that we used was made by the XX Company
36、.,45,Wrong:错误用法 The equipment,which we used,was made by the XX Company.,46,Correct:正确用法The equipment,which was made in Shanghai,was very expensive.,47,Basic Rule for Comma Use逗号使用的一般规则,Use commas+“which”for non-essential information.用逗号+“which”表示非必要的信息This review,which can also be found online,cover
37、s research that started in 1999.This review that can also be found online covers research that started in 1999.Use NO commas+“that”for essential information.直接使用“that”表示必要的信息The research that I reviewed started in 1999.The research,that I reviewed,started in 1999.,48,2.Hyphens,en dash,em dash:Try no
38、t to overuse because they can slow down the reader 连字符，一字线，破折号尽量少用,49,Hyphens and Dashes,Hyphen(-):Connector rather than in indicator of interruption or omission.连接well-being,advanced-levelEn dash():Means“through.”范围August 2829;pp.25.Em dash():Separator to create a strong break in a sentence,like pa
39、rentheses.断开These two citiesthat is,Beijing and Shanghaiare developing rapidly.,50,Practice Exercise 练习,1.The introduction is written on pages 36.2.The CUJS conference will be held November 24November 30 in Beijing,China.3.Mr.Wang had tried asking,begging,and even demanding cooperation from his staf
40、fall of whom were busy with other thingsbefore he gave up and wrote the report himself.4.No onenot even his professorthought that his article would be published in Nature.5.This is a wellknown problem in organic chemistry.,51,3.Colons,Semicolons 冒号和分号,Colon:for listing and defining,and indicates a s
41、tronger pause than a semicolon.冒号：用于列举，定义，比分号停顿强 The presentation covered three topics:grammar,punctuation,and format.Semicolon:for joining two related complete sentences(shows closer relationship than“.”).分号：用于连接两个相关句子，比句号更具关联性 The patient had no prior history of disease;however,he presented with m
42、any common symptoms.,52,4.Asian Symbols亚洲字符：全角字符,All Asian,full-space fonts should be changed to Western,half-space fonts for accurate display on other computers and for proper printing.全角字符亚洲字符应转换为西文（半角）字符，以便准确显示和打印The biggest offenders:用错最多的符号、，；：()%,53,Practice Exercise 练习,54,Spelling拼写,Good onli
43、ne dictionaries to help with spelling:帮助拼写检查的在线词典http:/American Heritage Dictionary,4th Ed.http:/reference/dictionary/,55,Spellcheckers拼写检查工具,but remember that it wont catch mistakes like from/form,trial/trail但是拼写检查工具不能查出像 from/form,trial/trail之类的拼写错误,56,Stylebooks 写作与编辑手册,Scientific Style and Forma
44、t:The CSE Manual for Authors,Editors,and Publishers,7th edition American Medical Association Manual of Style:A Guide for Authors and Editors,9th editionThe Chicago Manual of Style,15th editionThe ACS Style Guide:A Manual for Authors and Editors,3rd edition,57,Grammar Books 语法参考书,The Gregg Reference
45、ManualThe Little,Brown Handbook,58,Dictionaries 词典,The American Heritage DictionaryLongman Dictionary of American EnglishMerriam-Websters Collegiate DictionaryOxford ESL Dictionary,59,Online Resources 在线资源,理文编辑的写作助手:http:/http:/owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/index.html#punctuationhttp:/,60,
46、II.Journal Specific Topics关于期刊,Practical Activities for Journal Editors and Publishers期刊编辑与出版商的实际操作,61,A.Instructions for Authors 投稿指南,Should be:应当易查，易懂，全面Easy to findEasy to understandThorough*Tip:It is also good to complement them with sample articles or pre-made format files for authors to use as
47、 reference.最好附样本文章或已经排好版的文档供作者参考,62,B.Structure of Scientific Articles科学文章结构,The IMRAD format was developed to present data in the clearest possible way.IMRAD 格式能够最明了地展现文章Introduction 前言Methods and Materials 方法和材料Results 结果And Discussion 讨论*Tip:If the required article or journal structure is differe
48、nt,this needs to be made clear to the authors.如果文章或期刊结构与要求不同，应向作者说明,63,IMRAD Structure IMRAD结构,The INTRODUCTION answers the question,What problem was studied?前言：阐述了文章所研究的问题The METHODS section answers the question,How was the problem studied?方法：这些问题是如何研究的The RESULTS section answers the question,What
49、were the findings?结果：研究发现了什么The DISCUSSION section answers the question,What do the findings mean?讨论：研究发现的意义是什么,64,C.Importance of Abstracts摘要的重要性,Let reader decide whether to read further 让读者决定是否继续阅读 Is the 1st part to be read,therefore it sets up positive or negative expectations for the remainder
50、 of the work摘要是文章的第一部分，关系着读者对全文的印象好坏 Should encourage readers who decide the topic is relevant to read further应当吸引读者继续阅读正文 If poorly written,discourages reader from reading further写的差的摘要会导致读者停止继续阅读 Should be aimed at both readers who will read the abstract only and those that will read the complete
