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1、翻译的条件,掌握必要的翻译理论和技巧 加强两种语言的修养，拓宽知识面译精于勤,“三要”,“三不要”,“三要”词义 结构 文化背景“三不要”逐字死译 逻辑连贯失调 炫耀文笔,汉英文化比较与翻译历史背景,wife,deer,If that picture is genuine，I am a Dutchman.,汉英文化比较与翻译历史背景,If that picture is genuine，I am a Dutchman.如果那张画是真迹，我就不是人。一些词语的产生,伴有特定的时代背景。英国人口语中经常说I am a Dutchman,if”,如果我们照字面译为“如果我是个荷兰人”，恐怕大多数中国
2、读者对此译文都会困惑不解。其实在英国,这是 广泛流传的一句赌咒用语。为什么英国 人竟如此不把荷兰人当人看待，以至词语Dutchman在英语中成了 一切卑鄙事物的代名词呢？两国在17世纪有过一段不偷快的历史:双方因为商业竞争,你死我活地打了 20几年的仗。战争虽以荷兰失败告终,但英国毕竟也损兵折将，伤了元气。故而英国 普通民众对荷兰人颇有入骨之恨。,地理环境,carry coals to NewcastleFoggy BottomOde to the West Windcast an anchor to windwardas close as an oyster,地理环境,carry coals
3、 to Newcastle:【误译】把煤运送到纽卡斯尔去了。【原意】多此一举。【说明】carry coals to Newcastle是口语（动词短语），意为“多此一举”，“徒劳无功”。纽卡斯尔是英国的产煤中心和煤输出港口，运煤去此地显然是“徒劳无功”。,地理环境,Foggy Bottom:【口】雾谷（美国国务院的谑称，以讽刺该院发言人的发言经常模糊不清）。United States Department of State,which is housed in a building in a low-lying area of Washington near the Potomac River
4、,地理环境,Ode to the West Wind：雪莱【西风颂】If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?,地理环境,cast an anchor to windward未雨绸缪；为安全采取预防措施 as close as an oyster守口如瓶,宗教信仰,Black Friday 13 Love is blind.,宗教信仰,Love is blind:爱是盲目的 奥林匹斯山的众神中，最叫人无可奈何的，就是小爱神丘比特（古希腊名字厄洛斯，罗马名丘比特）。丘比特一直被人们喻为爱情的象征，相传他有头非常美丽的金发，雪白娇嫩的脸蛋，还有一对可以自由自
5、在飞翔的翅膀，丘比特和他母亲爱神阿芙洛狄忒一起主管神、人的爱情和婚姻。不过他与母亲阿芙洛狄忒不同，阿芙洛狄忒代表的是理性的爱，而丘比特代表的是疯狂的爱。丘比特的图片多为蒙眼，以寓意Love is blind。,风俗习惯,red white yellowblue green black,社会政治,working classpeasant,文化艺术,dragon,dog,phoenix,magpie,owl,bat,crane,比喻中的文化差异,as strong as a horsewet like a drowned ratas stupid as a goosebirds of a feat
6、heras easy as winkinglike a hen on a hot girdle,比喻中的文化差异,black sheepto cast pearls before swineas stubborn as a muleas poor as a church mouseas sick as a dogas straight as an arrow,比喻中的文化差异,as thick as thievesas drunk as a fiddleras true as deathas mad as a wet hento look for a needle in a hay stack
7、at a stones throw,比喻中的文化差异,dumb as an oysteras close as an oysteras timid as a hareas like as two peaslike a rat in a holesleep like a log,比喻中的文化差异,the apple of ones eyehave a mind crammed with knowledgeas blind as a batno smoke without firecry up wine and sell vinegaras white as a sheetas deaf as a
8、 post,英汉十大差异英语重形合，汉语重意合,汉语（流水句法）以意思连接独立的单句 彼此的逻辑关系以句序先后加以暗示英语（竹节句法）以连接词连接单句,英语重形合，汉语重意合,1.Because it is late,I must leave.It is late,I must leave.2.An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.There was an Englishman.He could not speak Chinese.He was once traveling in China.
9、,英语前重心,汉语后重心,Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.,英语前重心,汉语后重心,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.小国人民
10、一定能够战胜大国的侵略,只要他们敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运。小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能战胜大国的侵略。,英语静态语言，汉语动态语言,英语非谓语动词 省略动词 将动词名词化 使用动词的同源名词、同源形容词等汉语动词无形态变化 只能使用动词本身表达动作,英语静态语言，汉语动态语言,I fell madly in love with her,and she with me.I am afraid of you misunderstanding me.That would be the confirmation that it was in g
11、eneral use.The very sight of it makes me nervous.,英语重物称,汉语重人称,英语句子的主语 不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语汉语句子的主语 首选能施行动或有生命的物体,英语重物称,汉语重人称,A wave of cigar smokeaccompanied him in.Bitterness fed on the manwho had made the world laugh.,英语多被动，汉语多主动,英语被动使用广泛；1、不知或不必知道行为者。The book has been already translated into many langu
12、ages.这本书已译成了好几国语言。2、行为对象比行为者重要。The work must be finished before Christmas.这个工作必须在圣诞节前完成。,英语多被动，汉语多主动,3、因故不愿说出行为者。It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.大家认为这样做是不妥当的。4.保持前后一致。They are going to build an apartment house here next year.It is going to be built beside the Office Building
13、.他们明年在这里要修建一座住宅楼，就修在办公楼旁边。,英语多被动，汉语多主动,汉语被动范围相对狭窄，存在被动关系并不采用被动句常见。The problem has been solved.问题解决了。,英语多复合长句，汉语多简单短句,英语“多枝共干”式长句 复合句 汉语短句、简单句,英语多复合长句汉语多简单短句,As we lived near the road,we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine,for which we had great reputation,and I c
14、onfess,with the veracity of an historian,that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.我们就住在路边。过路人或外乡人常到我们家，尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。这种酒很有名气。我敢说，尝过的人，从没有挑剔过。我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。,英语重后饰，汉语重前饰,英语的修饰语 既可放在被修饰成分前，也可放其后；修饰语若为短语或分句，则往往置于 被修饰成分后汉语的修饰语 无论是词、短语或句子，总是处于被修 饰成分之前,英语重后饰，汉语重前饰,The diagnosis seems in every cas
15、e to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt.每次看病的诊断似乎都和我所有的感觉完全相符。It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论是一个很好的计划。,英语重短语，汉语轻短语,I have never met a person so difficult to understand as my husband.我还从没遇到过像我丈夫这么难以理解的人。You
16、 must stand up for your friend.你得支持你的朋友。To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.对敌人的仁慈就是对人民的残忍。Mary is considering changing her job.玛丽正在考虑调换工作。,英语重时体，汉语轻时体,英语多种时态，通过固定的语法手段将动作的进行过程与状况作更准确、更精细的描绘，有时这种描绘还能融入作者或说话人的一种感情色彩 汉语“着”、“了”、“过”,英语重时体，汉语轻时体,1.He is always thinking of how he could do
17、 more for the people.2.He is constantly leaving his things about.3.You have always been making that mistake.4.They were building a dam last winter.They built a dam last winter.5.I forgot his name.I am forgetting how to speak French.,英语重形态，汉语轻形态,英语形式化的语言 名词、代词性、数、格 动词时、体、态 构词词缀汉语构词可采用合成法“墨守”名词，“慎用”代词
18、,英语重形态，汉语轻形态,The disaster of deinstitutionalization is part of this.institute-institution-institutional-institutionalize-institutionalization-deinstitutionalization让住院的精神病患者出院让住院的精神病患者出院而增加无家可归的人所酿成的灾难后果就是一例。,英语重形态，汉语轻形态,According to the group,most reconstructive surgeries resulting from dog bites are dog owners and their friends.据该组织说，大多数做被狗咬后的修复手术的是狗的主人、家人和朋友。据该组织说，大多数做被狗咬伤后的修复手术的是狗的主人以及他们的家人和朋友。,
