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1、A Practical Course on English&Chinese Translation,2014-2015学年第二学期,笔译,第一章：翻译概论,The definition of translationTranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(Eugene A.Nida&Charle
2、s R.Taber:The Theory and Practice of Translation,1969),Scope of translation,In terms of languageNative languages into foreign languagesForeign languages into native languagesIn terms of the modeOral interpretationWritten translationMachine translation,In terms of materialsScientific materialsTransla
3、tion of literary worksTranslation of political essaysTranslation of practical writingIn terms of disposalfull-text translationabridged translationadapted translation,1.1 翻译的条件1.1.1 掌握必要的翻译理论和技巧语言学家吕叔湘说：“原稿纸旁放一词典，又放一文法书，左顾右盼才写上一行，那我们自不必去谈它”这决算不上翻译。,1.1.2 加强英汉两种语言的修养、拓宽知识面1.要努力提高汉语的修养，多读经典的著作，学习地道规范汉语
4、；2.要看一些英汉对照的文章；3.一篇原著最好找到两种以上的译本，进行对比，从中学习。如：White House“白宫”而不是“白房子”Foggy Bottom“雾谷”而不是“雾的尽头”(美国国务院),1.1.3“译”精于勤(Practice makes perfect)对原文的理解做到“三要”1.正确理解原文词义He sleeps late.I shall not expect you until I see you.Shed never again believe anything in trousers.2.要掌握与两种语言相关的文化背景知识 3.要弄清原文结构,译文表达做到“三不要”,
5、1.不要逐字死译I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.(Pride and Prejudice)我还没有认识你一个月，就觉得象你这样一个人，在天下男人中我最不愿意和他结婚的就是你。我认识你还不到一个月的时候，就觉得哪怕我一辈子找不到男人，也休想让我嫁给你。2.不要使译文逻辑连贯失调3.不要炫耀文笔,1.2 背景知识与翻译,1.2.1 历史背景由于语言随社会的发展而发展，随社会的变化而变
6、化，同一词语在不同的历史时期往往具有不尽相同的含义。如：curiously（好奇地）wife（妻子）dearest仔细地 主妇 最痛恨的一些词语的产生，伴有特定的时代背景。如：“If that picture is genuine,Im a Dutchman!”“如果那张画是真迹，我就不是人”,1.2.2 地理环境,(1)英国的天气变化无常，阴雨天多，人们对天气便产生了一种特殊的感觉，因而喜欢谈论天气。“Lovely weather,isnt it?”(2)英国是一个典型的海洋国家，因而与海洋有关的比喻和谚语就特别多。如：“drink like a fish,as close as an oy
7、ster”中国:东风送暖,西风凛冽;而英国正好相反。carry coals to Newcastle 运煤到纽卡索(做徒劳无益的事情),英语中涉及宗教的词语要比任何其他语种都多，同时宗教典故之丰富在世界语林中也是独占鳌头。John can be relied on.He eats no fish.约翰为人可靠，他很忠诚。Speak of angels,and you will hear their wings;talk of the devil,and hes sure to appear.说曹操，曹操到。Love is blind.情人眼里出西施。,1.2.3 宗教信仰,1.2.4 风俗习惯
8、,You look darker after the holidays.你度假回来看起来黑多了。你度假回来看起来更健康了。All the children have got married.老儿子娶媳妇大事完毕。孩子们都结婚走了。同一语种在不同的地域、不同的文化中因不同的环境和风俗习惯的影响而具有不同的特点。Drug:药;大麻（美俚）,1.2.5 社会政治,一些词语的意义，有时与社会政治密切相关。就是说，社会制度相同，有关文化之间的差异就比较少；社会制度不同，差异就相对地多一些。如：working class;peasantpropaganda;Exploit（开发利用、获取利润）汉语中是：“
9、剥削”,1.2.6 文学艺术,文学艺术反映一个民族的感情色彩。对待同一事物，不同民族的文化感情色彩可能完全不同Dragon,dog,ox不同文化艺术中，人们还常常用不同的事物表达相同的思想。Work like a horse像老黄牛一样干活。As strong as a horseAs stupid as a gooseWet like a drown ratA white Christmas银装素裹大雪纷飞的圣诞节,试比较Dragon,dog,ox 在中英文中的不同形象。,An interpreter(translator)has to know everything of somethin
10、g and something of everything.,Homework:Translate the following passage,From there I could see the whole valley below,the fields,the river,and the village.It was all very beautiful,and the sight of it filled me with longing.,From there I could see the whole valley below,the fields,the river,and the
11、village.It was all very beautiful,and the sight of it filled me with longing.,从那里，我可以看见下面的整个山谷，那田野、河流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望。从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流和村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。,1.Actions speak louder than words.2.A fall into a pit，a gain in your wit.3.A good conscience is a soft pillow.4.All good things co
12、me to an end.5.All rivers run into sea.6.As a man sows,so he shall reap.7.A word spoken is past recalling.8.Bad news has wings.9.Beauty lies in the loves eyes.10.Birds of a feather flock together.,11.Constant dripping wears away a stone.12.Creep before you walk.13.Dont put the cart before the horse.
13、14.Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.15.It is better to die when life is a disgrace.16.It is no use crying over spilt milk.17.It never rains but it pours.18.Love me,love my dog.19.Make hay while the sun shines.20.Misfortunes never come alone.,1.Actions speak louder than words.1.事实胜于雄辩。
14、2.A fall into a pit，a gain in your wit.2.吃一堑，长一智。3.A good conscience is a soft pillow.3.不做亏心事，不怕鬼敲门。4.All good things come to an end.4.天下没有不散的筵席。5.All rivers run into sea.5.海纳百川。6.As a man sows,so he shall reap.6.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。7.A word spoken is past recalling.7.一言既出，驷马难追。8.Bad news has wings.8.好事不出门，坏事
15、传千里。9.Beauty lies in the loves eyes.9.情人眼里出西施。10.Birds of a feather flock together.10.物以类聚，人以群分。,11.Constant dripping wears away a stone.11.水滴石穿.12.Creep before you walk.12.循序渐进。13.Dont put the cart before the horse.13.不要本末倒置。14.Dont trouble troubles until trouble troubles you.14.不要自找麻烦。15.It is bet
16、ter to die when life is a disgrace.15.宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。16.It is no use crying over spilt milk.16.覆水难收。17.It never rains but it pours.17.不鸣则已,一鸣惊人。18.Love me,love my dog.18.爱屋及乌。19.Make hay while the sun shines.19.勿失良机。20.Misfortunes never come alone.20.祸不单行。,试比较Dragon,dog,ox 在中英文中的不同形象。,Presentation No.1,1
17、.3 翻译的过程,理解阶段：翻译的理解是以忠实地表达为目标的，因此，它要求对原作的理解尽可能全面、细致和深入；“不求甚解”的情况在翻译理解中是不允许的。理解主要是通过原文的上下文来进行，因为“No context,no text.”“义寓于文”就必须”以文明义”。,1.3.1 准备阶段：弄清楚作者的风格、文字特 点、同一作家的其他作品、作家的身世以及其写作的社会背景等。,一.确定词语在语境中的意义Seat oneself in a wooden chairAccept a university chairChair the board meetingCondemned to the chair
18、坐在木椅上同意在大学里执教主持董事会被处电刑Milk the cow milk the bull挤牛奶 徒劳之举,1.I never had much in seeing you.There was no love lost between us at any time.2.We grumble a little now and then,to be sure.But theres no love lost between us.1.我向来不大想看到你，我们两人之间大概什么时候都不曾有过好感。2.当然啦，我们有时也免不了争论几句，但是我们还是相亲相爱。,二.弄清原文的逻辑关系由于不善于逻辑思考
19、，对原文理解歧义，闹出笑话，历来是翻译的一大忌讳。1.The old man informed us that his wife had had thirteen children,one in every month of the year and one over besides.老人风趣地告诉我们，他的妻子生了13个孩子，每月生一个还多了一个。老人风趣地告诉我们，他的妻子生了13个孩子，如果用一年十二个月的名字给他们取名的话，还多出来一个。,2.when he was young fellow in the sixties.当他还是个60多岁的年轻小伙子时。在60年代，他还年轻时。3.T
20、he object did not move because I pushed it.因为我推了它，该物体才没有移动。不是因为我推了它，该物体才移动。,三.理解原文的深层结构有些词从字面上看非常简单，但由于对原文所涉及的客观事物、典故或专门术语不理解，所以就译不出来，乃至出错。1.Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.昨晚我听到他把猪赶到市场上去。昨晚我听到他鼾声如雷，声音就象把猪赶到市场一样。,2.General Smith and my father are on first name basis.,史密斯将军和我的父亲都是在第
21、一名的基础上。史密斯将军和我的父亲是直呼名字的知交。3.Keep your chin up.“抬起头”不要失去勇气，振作起来。4.Far from eye,far from heart.眼不见心不烦别久情疏5.Sleep as sound as a log of wood.睡得象段木头。睡得很沉（香）。,1.3.3 表达阶段,一.表达的方法表达的方法有直译(literal translation)和意译(free translation)I was late for class yesterday.I had to open the door and go in before everybod
22、y.1.我只好在大家望着我的情况下推门进去。2.我只得在众目睽睽下推门进去。3.没办法，我只好因硬着头皮推门进去。,Despair seized him when he was on the rocks.当他经济困难的时候，他绝望极了。经济困难使他陷入绝望之中。那时，他经济拮据，一筹莫展。,二.正确处理直译与意译的关系,直译与意译这两种方法并无优劣之分，也并非是对立的，而是相辅相成的，关键在于如何正确使用他们。如：1.When I want your opinion,Ill ask for it.当我需要你的意见时，我会问你的。请不要插嘴。2.You are late for the last
23、 time.这是你最后一次迟到了。你被解雇了。,3.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.到了桥边才过桥。不必担心太早。4.Little fish does not eat big fish.小鱼吃不了大鱼。胳膊拧不过大腿。5.What the tongue says,the neck pays for.舌头说话，脖子还帐。舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。,6.What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡。生来是个女人就别想冒充男人。7.There s no pot so ug
24、ly it cant find a lid.没有丑到配不上一个盖子的罐子。罐儿再丑，配个盖子不发愁。姑娘再丑也能配个汉。丑女不愁嫁。,三.校核定稿阶段,1.校核译文在人名、地名、日期、方位、数字等方面有无错漏。2.校核译文的段句或重要的词有无错漏3.力求译文没有冷僻罕见的词汇或陈腔滥调，力求译文段落、标点符号正确无误。4.通常必须校核两遍。,It was the best of times,it was the worst of times;it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness;it was the epoch of be
25、lieve,it was epoch of incredulity;it was the season of the Light,it was the season of Darkness;it was the spring of Hope,it was the winter of Despair;we had everything before us,we had nothing before us;we were all going to Heaven,we were all going direct the other way.,这是最美好的时期，这是最糟糕的时期；这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代；这是充满信仰的时代，这是顾虑重重的时代；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的冬天；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有；我们正笔直走上天堂，我们正笔直走下地狱。,
