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1、英语修辞格的译法,一、什么是修辞格,修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。,音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices),音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration和assonance。Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声
2、阁阁地传了过来。,Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音；assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。前者与汉语的双声(汉语中两个或多个音节，声母相同，叫做双声，它不是辞格)相似，后者与汉语的叠韵（两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同）非常相似。例如：（1）Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration）皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。（2）With this faith we will be able to h
3、ew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.(assonance)怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。,词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices),词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括 simile,metaphor,allusion,metonymy,transferred epithet,personification,hyperbole,irony,euphemism,pun,oxymoron,zeugma,contrast 等,Simile,Simil
4、e与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语 simile 的比喻词一般是 like,as（as）等,汉语明喻的比喻词通常是“好象”、“仿佛”等。例如：They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.这些人犹如街上的有轨电车，满足于在自己的轨道上运行。,Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点，即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。,（1）Experience is the mother of wisdom.经验为智慧之母。（隐喻）（2）She is s
5、hedding crocodile tears.她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。（借喻）（3）Mark my words,the first woman who fishes for him,hooks him.瞧着吧，不管什么女人钓他，他就会上钩。（拟物）,比喻修辞手法主要涉及形象。人们生活在自然界，有许多共同的经历和感受。比较英汉两种语言中常用的比喻，就会发现有许多惊人的相似之处，比如都用狐狸比喻狡猾，用羊比喻温顺、用钢铁比喻坚硬，常见喻体相同的还有Footnote（脚注）、Harelip（兔唇）等。当然，比喻形象往往打上各个民族独特文化的烙印，某些英语喻体形象会让中国读者不知所云，如英文 as wise
6、 as a man of Gotham（象戈丹人一样明智）就让人费解。其实戈丹是英国的一个村庄，相传那里的人是最愚蠢的，所以这个比喻的意思是蠢笨无比。,Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出圣经故事以及希腊、罗马神话、伊索寓言和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。例如：Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。（Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入。）The proj
7、ect is an economic Albatross from the start.这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的古舟子咏中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后，全船陷入灾难中。),metonymy,Metonymy、synecdoche和antonomasia都是不直接说出事物的本来名称，而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉语的借代（分为旁借和对代两类）。如Crown（王冠）可喻指君主、王权、王国政府等；doll（玩具）可喻指姑娘、宝贝等。（1）The baby was brought up on the bottle.这个
8、婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。（metonymy用奶瓶代奶）（2）Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。（antonomasia用米尔顿代诗人）,Synecdoche,He earns his bread by writing.他靠写作挣钱谋生。The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。Australia beat Canada at cricket.澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。,Transferred epit
9、het是采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来修饰、限定与它根本不同属性的名词。这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。The doctors face expressed a kind of doubting admiration.（用“疑惑”修饰限定“钦佩”）医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。Do you think I will have blood money?你以为我要这种血腥钱？（用血修饰限定钱）The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。,Personification,Wor
10、ds pay no debts.空话还不了债Summer is almost over and fall is stepping in.夏天差不多过去了，秋天来了。My heart was singing.我的心在歌唱。This time fate was smiling to him.这一次命运朝他微笑了。,Hyperbole,To tell you the truth,I was really scared to death at that time.说真的，我那时真是吓得要死。On hearing that he had been admitted to that famous univ
11、ersity,he whispered to himself,“Im the luckiest man in the world.”,understatement,It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.“He is really strange,”his friends said when they heard he had divorced his pretty and loving wife.,句子结构上的修辞格,Repetition:Figures which repeat a phrase,a clause o
12、r an ideaReputation,reputation,reputation!O!I have lost my reputation.-OthelloWith this faith,we will be able to work together;to play together;to struggle together;to go to jail together;to stand up for freedom together knowing that we will be free one day.-Martin Luther King,Pun:When a word or phr
13、ase is used in two different senses,-Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages?-Because there were many knights.(knight and night)Hotel Keeper:Here are a few views of our hotel for you to take with you,sir.Guest:Thanks,but I have my own views of your hotel.,Antithesis:Opposition,or contrast o
14、f ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction.,Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.-John F.Kennedy Self do,self have.自作自受,修辞格的译法,一、明喻(simile)在翻译英语的明喻时,一般采用直译法,将其译成汉语的明喻。但由于英汉两个民族的历史发展、生活环境、风俗习惯各不相同,思维方式和美学观念也有所差异,有的英语明喻和汉语明喻的比喻形象不尽相同。因此,有时也用意译法、变通法
15、和注释法。,He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen for him to crow.他这人就像一只骄傲的公鸡,以为太阳升起是为了它的啼叫。(simile 明喻。直译法)Tom was as sober as a judge.他十分清醒。(simile 非修辞格。意译法)He is as cunning as a dead pig.他像狐狸一样狡猾。(simile 明喻。但不是“像死猪一样狡猾”。变通法)Falstaff:I am as poor as Job,my lord,but not so patient.福斯塔夫:我是像约伯(注
16、)一样穷的,大人,可是却没有他那样的好耐性。(注:约伯(Job)圣经中的人物,以忍耐贫穷而著称的圣徒。)(simile 明喻。但译文意义不清楚,故加了注释。注释法),二、隐喻(metaphor),英语隐喻的翻译,一般采用修辞格转换法或直译法,将其译成汉语的明喻或隐喻。但由于英汉两种文化的差异,有时需要转换表达或修辞方式、或改变喻体以符合汉语的习惯。因此,翻译英语的隐喻时,也运用变通法、意译法和注释法。,Happiness is a perfume you cannot pour on others without getting a few drops on yourself.快乐就犹如香水,
17、你不可能向别人喷洒而不沾上几滴。(metaphor 明喻。修辞格转换法)Money is a bottomless sea,in which honor,conscience,and truth may be drowned.金钱是无底的海洋,荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。(metaphor 隐喻。直译法),Im applying for several jobs,because I dont really want to have all my eggs in one basket.我打算同时申请几份工作,我的确不想寄希望于一家。(metaphor 非修辞格。意译法)She was th
18、e apple of his eyes.她是他的掌上明珠。(metaphor 隐喻。但不是“眼中苹果”。变通法),You were in such a fury you were ready to murder your brother.You wicked Cain you,and what good would have come of remaining angry?All the rage in the world wont get us your aunts money.你,你这可恨的该隐(注)!气得恨不得把你哥哥马上杀死。生气有什么用?你生了天大的气也不能把姑姑的钱拿过来。(注:该
19、隐Cain圣经中亚当的长子,曾杀害他的弟弟Abel,是个恶人。)(metaphor 隐喻。但译文意义不清楚,因此加了注释。注释法),三、转喻(metonymy),在翻译英语的转喻时,常常使用意译法,即舍弃原文的修辞色彩,将其所指意义表达出来。有时也采用直译法,译作汉语的借代。如:Soapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.苏比不声不响地站着,两手插在口袋里,一见到警察就露出微笑。(metonymy 非修辞格。意译法)A hundred bayonets were
20、 marching down the street.一百把刺刀正沿街前进。(metonym 借代。直译法),四、拟人(personification),一般来说,英语的拟人都被译作汉语的拟人。因此,在翻译英语的拟人时,基本上都是运用直译法。有时也用意译法。如:The twentieth century is only the nineteenth speaking with a slightly American accent.二十世纪只不过是稍微带着美国口音说话的十九世纪罢了。(personification 拟人。直译法)The wind whistled through the tree
21、s.林中大风呼啸。(personification 非修辞格。意译法),五、委婉语(euphemism),英语委婉语的翻译,一般采用直译法,仍将其译作汉语的委婉语。有时也可采用意译法。如:Im afraid she cant act that part she is a little on the plump side.恐怕她扮演不了那个角色她有些发福。(euphemism 委婉语。直译法)His relation with his wife has not been very fortunate.他经常和他妻子吵架。(euphemism 非修辞格。意译法),六、夸张(hyperbole),在
22、翻译英语的夸张时,一般采用直译法,将其译作汉语的夸张。有时也采用部分释喻法和意译法。如:His eloquence would split rocks!他的雄辩之威力,能劈磐石。(hyperbole 夸张。直译法)Falstaff:I was beaten myself into all the colours of rainbow.福斯塔夫:我自己也给他打得五颜六色,浑身挂彩呢。(hyperbole 夸张。但加入了解释性词语。部分释喻法)Its a crime to stay on such a beautiful day.今天阳光明媚,躲在家中实在太遗憾了。(hyperbole非修辞格。意
23、译法),七、反语(irony),在翻译反语这一修辞格时,往往使用直译法,将其译成汉语的反语。如:He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure hed water it.他是一个了不起的教师:如果他发现了一点天才的火花,你可以相信他一定会把它浇灭。(irony 反语。直译法)What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country!-they let the paupers
24、 go to sleep!他们竟允许穷人睡觉!-这是多么高尚的例证,说明他那行善的国家的法律是多么仁慈!(irony 反语。直译法),8.矛盾修饰(oxymoron),She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.她带着含泪的微笑读那封盼望已久的信。The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.教练为了对他的受训者仁慈就要对他们残酷。During his useful life he often felt he was useless.在他大有作为的一生中他老是感到自己无用
25、。,9.轭式搭配(zeugma),As I left home after breakfast,I shivered inwardly as well as outwardly.早餐之后我离开家的时候，我的里里外外都在颤抖。I would my horse had the speed of your tongue.我希望我的马能有你的舌头的速度。,10.渐进(climax),I came;I saw;I conquer.我来了；我看到了；我征服。Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.读书使人充实；交谈使人机智；写作使人精确。Lincoln recognized worth in the common people;he loved the common people;he fought for the common people;and he died for the common people.林肯认识到平民大众的价值；他热爱平民大众；他为平民大众而斗争；他为平民大众而献身。,
