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1、英语写作简明教程,第一章 英语句子 第一节 英语句子的类型英语句子分类通常有两种：按使用目的分类和按结构分类。一按使用目的分类1.陈述句：用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人看法。2.疑问句：用来提出问题。一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问 句3.祈使句：用来表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝 告、警告。4.感叹句：用来表示说话者的敬意、喜悦、气氛等情 绪。,二.按结构分类1.简单句 简单句包含一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语动 词），例如：The teachers and the students all liked the place and wanted to stay the
2、re a little longer.2.复合句 复合句是指包含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子，也叫主从复合 句，是由关系词连接主句和从句构成的。常见从句有主语从句、宾语 从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句等。例如：I want to take back what I said at the meeting.At last we got the news that he died in the war.What we want to make clear is that why you keep telling lies.,并列主语,并列谓语,时间状语,宾语从句,同位语从句,主语从
3、句,表语从句,3.并列句 并列句是由并列连词或分号把两个或两个以上简单句连在一起的 句子。例如：The boy is very clever,but he is not very diligent.You must be in a hurry,or youll be late.三.五大基本句型1.主语谓语宾语 The poor boy badly needs help.,主语,谓语,宾语,2.主语谓语主语补足语 Jane was made chairman of the union.3.主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语 My teacher gave me a good book.4.主语谓语宾语宾语
4、补足语 The good news made all of us very excited.5.主语系动词表语 She is becoming more and more attractive.,主语,谓语,主语补足语,主语,谓语,间接宾语,直接宾语,主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,主语,系动词,表语,这些句子结构是检查英语句子正确与否的重要标准。只有掌握好这些基本句型，才能灵活扩展和补充句子的其他成分，以便实现一篇文章中句子结构多样化，增强文章可读性，表达更丰富的思想内容。例如：1.All the students like the teacher.扩展为：2.He realized his
5、mistakes.扩展为：在用英语写作是，可以通过增加修饰或限定成分来扩展句子，丰富内容，扩大信息量。,All the students in our class like the teacher very much because of his humorous teaching style.,He realized his mistakes made in his composition when he checked it.,第二节 英语句子的完整性规范的英语句子不仅结构要完整，而且意义也要完整，应表达合乎逻辑的意思，句子不论长短只能有一个中心思想。否则写出的句子就会使人无法理解。，或引
6、起歧义。残缺句、接排句 和简省错误是句子结构中最常见的错误。一.残缺句指不能独立成句的一个不完整的句子片断。如：1.Wondering what his son was going to do.2.Having driven across the desert.We enjoyed the cool weather.,Mr.Smith had been wondering what his son was going to do.,Having driven across the desert,we enjoyed the cool weather.,二.接排句把两个或两个以上的独立句子错误地
7、用逗号隔开（或根本没有标点符号就错误地相连）的句子。如：1.I ran to the door my sister stormed in suddenly she burst into tears.(融合句，即在句子之间没有标点符号和句间连接词）2.She cleaned the room,he prepared the lunch.(逗号连接）,I ran to the door.My sister stormed in.Suddenly she burst into tears.,She cleaned the room.He prepared the lunch.She cleaned
8、the room,and he prepared the lunch.After she had cleaned the room,he prepared the lunch.,三.简省错误用词简省是写出漂亮的英语句子的一个窍门，但在上下文不明确的情况下，不能随意省掉一些属于固定搭配的或有助于理解句意的词。通常这些词决定着句子语法结构和意义是否完整，省掉就会出现句子不完整的现象，影响对句子的正确理解。常见的简省错误有：1.部分谓语的省略 Cheerleaders always have and always will do their best to stimulate enthusiasm
9、at the games.,Cheerleaders have always done and will always do their best to stimulate enthusiasm at the games.,2.介词的省略常见介词省略错误有两种：一是有的句子要求有介词缀后方能是句意完整并合乎逻辑；另一种是介词搭配使用方面，有些词需要固定的介词与之搭配使用，当它们出现在并列结构中时，除非他们所需的介词是一致的，否则介词不能省略。如：Mr.and Mrs.Green have confidence and ambition for their son.The ice is not
10、hard enough to skate.,Mr.and Mrs.Green have confidence in(their son)and ambition for their son.,The ice is not hard enough to skate on.,3.比较级中必要词的省略 I had more respect for Mr.Williams than his wife.To her,the silence in the deep forest at night was more terrifying than a wolf.,I had more respect for
11、 Mr.Williams than for his wife.,To her,the silence in the deep forest at night was more terrifying than the howl of a wolf.,第三节 英语句子的规范性一.语序的严格性 英语语序于汉语语序有差别，但差别不是很大。英语属形构法，其句子的形式主要靠结构上的空间搭架，首先要将主谓语确定下来，如需要附属从句，则要有相关的连词引导。不管多复杂的句子，只要把它们的位置固定了，其他的成分就会按关系就位。而汉语为意构法，往往根据意思、逻辑或时间等顺序安排。所以在写作时不要受汉语定式思维的影响
12、，应该按英语结构特点组词成句。常见的语序错误有：1.宾语从句用疑问句的倒装语序。如：Do you know when will the meeting begin?,Do you know when the meeting will begin?,2.用so,neither,nor表示再肯定或再否定时，没用 倒装 语序。如：Martin behaves himself and so his brother does.Tom didnt know what happened yesterday and neither(nor)I did.,Martin behaves himself and s
13、o does his brother.,Tom didnt know what happened yesterday and neither(nor)did I.,3.以only状语，so 形容词或副词等开头的句子，或 以表示否定的状语开头的句子，如never，hardly，scarcely，seldom，no sooner，barely，under no circumstances，by no means，on no account 等，没用倒装语序。如：Hardly he had entered the room when she walked out.Only then he reali
14、zed that he was wrong.,Hardly had he entered the room when she walked out.,Only then did he realize that he was wrong.,4.as作“虽然，尽管”解释，引导让步状语从句时，作表语 的形容词或或作状语的副词没有提前至句首。如：As he was young,he was quite experienced in this work.As I admire his courage much,I dont think he acted wisely.,Young as he was,h
15、e was quite experienced in this work.,Much as I admire his courage,I dont think he acted wisely.,5.虚拟语气中，条件句中如有had，were，should 这样的助动词和情态动词时，if省略，但谓语没倒 装。如：They had asked me,I would have given them the answer.,Had they asked me,I would have given them the answer.,If they had asked me,I would have giv
16、en them the answer.,二.句子的一致关系1.谓语动词的五大特点 英语句子的主要标志是具有主谓结构，而主谓必须保持一致。充当谓语的动词总是无一例外地表现出人称、数、时态、语态、语气五大特点。我们在写句子时，都要充分考虑谓语动词或动词词组在这五个方面的相应变化。错误地改变这些成分的一致关系会使句子逻辑混乱、意义含糊不清。如：One reason that I appreciate classical music is the enjoyment and relaxation you get from listening to it.掌握谓语动词的特点，是写好句子的基本功，它和运用
17、英语句型句式一样，具有极其重要的意义。,One reason that I appreciate classical music is the enjoyment and relaxation I get from listening to it.,2.人称和数 谓语动词形式必须与句中主语在人称、数上保持一致。这方面最突出的问题表现在单数第三人称作主语是，谓语动词常常出错。如：Graduate education aim at making scientists.She as well as the other students have learned how to install this
18、 electric equipment.,Graduate education aims at making scientists.,She as well as the other students has learned how to install this electric equipment.,3.还有时态、语态、语气等在句子中的错误使用，都会破 坏句子的一致关系。如：Mark told his mother that he is tired.Many countries speak English.If he was in better health,they would prob
19、ably allow him to do the work.,Mark told his mother that he was tired.,English is spoken in many countries.,If he were in better health,they would probably allow him to do the work.,三.主语和谓语的一致关系 1.主语与其谓语动词被其他一些词（常见有介词短语或定语从句等）分隔时，也要保持一致。如：The student from Class 4 have got the first prize in the cont
20、est.The Chairman,along with his assistants,were present at the news conference(记者招 待会).,The student from Class 4 has got the first prize in the contest.,The Chairman,along with his assistants,was present at the news conference(记者招待会).,together with,as well as,in addition to 和along with 都起介词作用，而不是并列连
21、词的作用，因此它们不能构成并列主语。,2.由eitheror或neither nor连接主语时，谓语动词要根 据or或nor后面主语的单复数变化而变化，也可简单记 为按照“就近原则”。如：Either his parents or Dick are coming.在There be句子结构中，谓语动词be单复数形式的确 定也是依照这一原则。There are a book,two pens and a pad(便笺簿)on the table.,Either his parents or Dick is coming.,There is a book,two pens and a pad on
22、 the table.,3.集合名词既可跟单数动词，也可跟复数动词。当把一个集合名词看成一个整体单位时，要求跟单数动词。如：The crowd was waiting in front of the bookstore.当把一个集体中的成员看成是不同的个体时，集合名词则要跟复数动词。如：The family were going to the cinema tonight.The jury(陪审团)are still arguing.常见的集合名词有：audience,band（乐队）,class,committee,flock(禽、畜等的)群,group,herd（兽群,牧群）,team,f
23、aculty（全体教员）,crew（全体船员）,staff（全体雇员）,chorus（合唱队）.另外，people,police,cattle（牛）这些词总是用作复数，通常要求跟复数动词。,4.一般来说，大多数不定代词，如：anybody,anyone,anything,each,either,everybody everyone,everything,neither,nobody,none,one,no one,somebody,someone,something都是单数，指一个非特定的人或事物，因此它们均使用单数动词。如：1.Neither of the twins was helpful
24、.2.None of the books is available in the bookstore.,四.指代的一致性 英语中很讲究指代的一致性，即代词（主格、宾格、所有格、反身代词、物主代词、关系代词以及疑问代词等）要和它们指代的有关名词在人称、数（有时还包括性别）上保持前后一致，而且代词的指代必须十分清楚，否则会使句子产生歧义，令人难以理解。另外，名词的单复数也要严格地按上下文意义确定。例如：1.At first a woman picked her share.Then three young men took their shares.At last,an old man took
25、his share.2.None of the books is good enough in content.,在使用代词时，必须注意以下几点：1.代词应明确地指代一个先行词。如：Kelly told her sister that she had made a mistake.“she”的指代关系不明确。2.避免不确切地使用代词。如：It says in the paper that the coach may resign.无法理解“It”的确切意思指什么。,Kelly said to her sister，“Ive made a mistake.”,It is reported in
26、the paper that the coach may resign.,第四节 常见病句分析归纳起来，常见病句的主要问题有：词语修饰不当、词性误用、搭配误用、连词误用、词义误用、比较级误用、句子表达不完整、句子表达不清、主谓不一致、时态错误、语态错误、定语从句误用、非谓语动词误用、句型错误、断句错误、垂悬修饰语、句子衔接不自然、思想表达不清等。典型错误归类分析：一.漏词 The traveler was too tired and found a rock to sit.,The traveler was too tired and found a rock to sit on.,二.混淆词
27、义 Good study habits attributed to his performance on tests.三.多词 My most favorite program on TV is news.,Good study habits contributed to his performance on tests.attributed to 把归因于 contributed to 有助于,My favorite program on TV is news.favorite 最喜爱的,前面不能加 most。,四.累赘 She is attractive in her appearance
28、,but she is rather a foolish person.五.词性误用1.形容词错用 General speaking,pollution in China is not so serious as in America.形容词错用还包括把形容词用作动词、名词等情况。,She is attractive,but rather foolish.,Generally speaking,pollution in China is not so serious as in America.,2.动词错用 During his staying in Japan,he visited fiv
29、e famous universities.3.名词错用 We must learn the base skills of language.4.指代不清 The old woman told my mother that she was right.,During his stay in Japan,he visited five famous universities.,We must learn the basic skills of language.,The old woman said that she was right and said so to my mother.“Im
30、right,”the old woman said to my mother.,六.主谓不一致 1.There are a girl student and four boy students in the library.2.Mary is one of the students who refuses to accept the invitation to the evening party.But:Mary is the only one of the students who,There is a girl student and four boy students in the li
31、brary.,Mary is one of the students who refuse to accept the invitation to the evening party.,refuses to accept the invitation to the evening party.,3.Neither you nor he are capable of doing such work alone.4.Many a student have that kind of experience.5.It is reported that the police is on the track
32、 of the two criminals.,Neither you nor he is capable of doing such work alone.,Many a student has that kind of experience.Many a/more than one+单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但意义上是复数。,It is reported that the police are on the track of the two criminals.,七.非平行结构 The old woman was sure of her sons coming with many
33、 birthday presents and that her daughter would send her a present.八.垂悬修饰语Looking up at the sky,a bird was flying round the tree.,The old woman was sure that her sons coming with many birthday presents and that her daughter would send her a present.,Looking up at the sky,he saw a bird flying round th
34、e tree.,九.修饰语错误 The old woman was so disappointed after reading the letter with trembling fingers that she tore it into bits.十.中国式英语1.现在人们的生活离不开塑料。,The old woman was so disappointed after reading the letter that she tore it into bits with trembling fingers.,Now peoples life cant leave plastics away.
35、,实际意思是人们在生活中离不开塑料。应改为：Now people cannot do without plastics in their lives.Plastics are indispensable to peoples lives.,2.他说他于1993年在上海结的婚。3.计算机正在改变人们的生活和工作方式。,He said he married in 1993 in Shanghai.,He said he got married in Shanghai in 1993.,Computers are changing peoples live way and work way.,英汉词
36、序不同，英语定语可后置，而汉语一般是把定语放在被限定词的前面。应改为：Computers are changing the way people live and work.Computers are changing peoples ways of life and work.,4.他回来已有两个星期了，但我一直没空去看望他。,He has come back/returned for two weeks.But I have not time to see him.,英汉有些动词时态与时间关系表示不同。此处“come back/returned”为瞬间动作，不能带“for+时间段”短语。应
37、改为：He has been back for two weeks.But I have no time to see him/pay him a visit.,5.外面刮起了大风。The outside blew the wind.完全对应中文进行的逐词翻译。应改为：The wind had risen(风力增强)outside.6.若一起风，人在外面眼睛都睁不开。If wind blows,the eyes can not open outside.对应中文进行的逐词翻译。应改为：When winds blow,you can hardly open your eyes outside.,
38、十一.综合错误 1.The worlds population is being expanded.And the environment is crowded.,首先，此句存在选词不当的问题。expand 意为“使膨胀、扩展、延伸”,不与population搭配；environment 也不与crowded 搭配。另外，因不会使用因果关系结构，语言不够简练。应改为：The world population is rising so quickly that the world is becoming more and more crowed.,2.Advertisements are ver
39、y popular in this days.You can see it everywhere.Advertisements benefit the producers very much.They can let more people know of their products by advertisements.They can earn more money.,短短几句话存在限定词误用、介词搭配不当、指代不一致、结构错误，同时，句式简单，句子缺乏多样化。应改为：Nowadays,advertisements are so popular that you can see them
40、everywhere.Advertisements benefit the producers so much that they can earn more moneyby making more people know about their products through advertising.,3.Every person should go to work when they grow up.There are two reasons why people work.The first reason is that jobs and work provide us the mat
41、erial in life.We get salary from work,then we can buy what we want with the money.In this way we can make a living.,这几个句子有指代不一致、语言不够简练等问题，还可清楚地看出写作人用汉语思维的痕迹。应改为：People should go to work when they grow up.There are two reasons why people work.The first（reason）is that（jobs and）work provides us the material in life.We get salary from work,and then we can buy what we want with the money,so we can make a living.,
