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1、英语词性的分类及用法,词性的分类,词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。,tree,dog,window,表示_、_以及_名字的词。,一、名词,人,事物,抽象概念,1.Frank is a boy.2.My sister is a pupil.3.Look at these birds.,He is seven.She is beautiful.I like the blue one.,名词的概念,名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词.专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China,the United States,等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是
2、一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词包括可数名词(countable noun)和不可数名词(uncountable noun)可以计数的一般为可数名词，如：a student,two students不可以计数的一般为不可数名词,如：milk，rice，air,snow,rain,education,honesty,名词复数的规则变化,其它名词复数的规则变化,1)以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：a.加s，如：photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos；b.加es，如：potatopotatoes tomatotomato
3、es2)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s，如：belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；b.去f,fe 加-ves，如：half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；,名词复数的不规则变化,1）通过内部元音变换：child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women2）单复同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Jap
4、anese 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。news 是不可数名词。,名词的格,1.s所有格单数
5、名词和不以s结尾的复数名词，加s如：mothers bags,childrens rooms,womens clothes以s结尾的复数名词，只加girls toys,Teachers Day并列名词表各自所有关系时，在各个名词后加s,如 Marys and Bobs books如果只在最后一个名词之后加s,则表示两人共有的书，Mary and Bobs book,名词的格,2.of 所有格名词属格和of 所有格都可表示所有关系the eyes of cats=cats eyesthe room of the children=the childrens room但当名词属格表示类别和属性时，
6、不可用of 男士服装mens clothing，a doctors degree当名词词组是由“定冠词+形容词”构成，如the rich,只能用of,the income of the richof 词组表示同位关系，不能用名词属格the city of Rome,the town of Bremen,practice,flower,flowers,找规律,watch,es,factory-factories,leaf-leaves,box,es,NOUN.,practice,找规律,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,NOUN.,不规则变化,child-children,wom
7、an-women,deer,sheep,man-men,goose-geese,NOUN.,1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_.Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here？Not very farIts about twenty walk.（2000杭州）Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3.There are three in my family.(2004长春）A.people B.per
8、son C.child 4.Most students can go to college for further in our city.A.education B.information C.science 5.This is bedroom.The twin sister like it very much.A.Ann and Jane B.Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes,典型例题解析,C,C,A,A,B,NOUN.,根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I often g
9、o to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the.(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of.(glass)5.Please give them their.(photo)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.September 10th
10、 is Day.(teacher)12.Jim has some.(knife)13.How much are these?(vegetable)14.My school is twenty _ walk from here.(minute)15.The girl under the tree is a friend of_.(Lucy),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,vegetables,minutes,Lucys,NOUN.,十大词性,二、代词,1.概念
11、：,代词是代替_的词。,2.英文表达：,noun,3.英文缩写：,pron.,pro,名词,代词,代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。,请用n.pron.标注出下列单词的词性grandpa it she skirt,teacher he pen kite this,book we that brother,you school I chair sun,一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词
12、。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,通常，主格作主语,宾格作宾语通常，当单数的主格作主语时，谓语动词用单数；复数的的主格作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Eg.He is my friend.Its me.They are from China.She lent me a book.I love it.Are you interested in them?,二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表,形容词性物主代词=形容词，位于名词的前面名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词，之后不接名词。Eg.I like his car.
13、Our school is here and theirs is there.This is your picture.And that is mine.,三、指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。,Eg.That is a good idea.I love those book in blue.These people are my friends.,四、自身代词，也称为反身代词表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词。,反身代词的用法,1.用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气，紧放在被修饰名词后,或句末)：The box itself is not so h
14、eavy.You said it yourself.2.用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)：Take good care of yourself.3.用作表语The poor boy was myself.,五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。,We should love each other.Tom and Betty are friends,so they always help each other.Our students learn one another.,eg.I want something hot
15、.Do you need some coffee?There is nothing good.All of you are students.,六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，every-，no-加上body，one，thing的合成代词，如anybody，something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,七、疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从
16、句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）,What are you?Who is his coat?Whose bag is this?Which do you prefer?The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked which one I wanted.,八、关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导定语从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。,He is
17、 the man whom you have been looking for.I hope I can find a job that I can devote myself to.This is the book whose covering is old.That is the same food as you want.,1.He shouted louder to the runners,but he still couldnt make _ heard.A.him B.himself C.them D.themselves 2.There are flowers and trees
18、 on _ sides of the river.A.every B.both C.either D.all 3.She has three good friends.One is a doctor;_ are teachers of Chinese.A.another B.the other two C.other D.others 4.Before handing in your compositions,please correct the mistakes in each line if_.A.so B.no C.any D.some,Exercises,B,B,B,C,1._(我)a
19、m a worker._(你)are a doctor._(她)is a teacher.2.This is_(他的)shirt.3.This is _(我的)pen.4._(他们的)trousers are there.5.I like this picture.Please give _(它)to_(我).6.People get _(他们的)money from_(我).7._(他们)are new students._(他们的)names are Lucy and Lily.8.These are _(我们的)shoes.Can _(我们)wear _(它们).9Thank _ for
20、 _(你的)help.10._(他)loves _（她）,and _(她)loves _（他）,too.11._(我)love _（你）,and _(你)love _（我），too.,I,You,my,his,She,Their,their,me,it,They,Their,me,our,me,them,we,He,your,you,you,you,her,I,him,she,十大词性,三、形容词,1.概念：,形容词是修饰和形容_和_的词。,2.英文表达：,adjective,3.英文缩写：,adj.,名词,代词,clever girl clean one good boybeautiful
21、room long nose happy facepurple grape fine day blue cat,找出短语中的n.pron.adj.,闯关2,形容词,用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。,注意：1.有些形容词只能作表语，如：alone,afraid,asleep 等。例如：The old man is alone.2.形容词用来修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词，要 放在这些词的后面。Youd better tell us something interesting.,形容词在句子中的位置,作定语时放在名词的前面
22、,且音节少的词放在音节多的词前。a big yellow wooden wheel.,作表语时放在连系动词之后。The price sounds reasonable.,作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。We must try our best to keep our environment clean.,后置的情况：修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。Something serious has happened to him.与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。Hes 1.8 metres tall.,注意：,一.以-ly结尾的形容词 1）friendly，deadly，lovel
23、y，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.二.用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 三.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜
24、色)-出处-材料性质，类别-名词 a small round table；a tall gray building；a dirty old brown shirt；a famous German medical school,四.副词,1.概念：,用来修饰_、_、_以及_的词。,2.英文表达：,adv.,adverb,动词,形容词,其他副词,全句,3.英文缩写：,副词,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词,一、副词的位置 在许多情况下，副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。The girl dances very well.2.有时也放在主语后面
25、，谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。He angrily closed the door.3.句中的副词如碰上助动词，be动词，则通常放在助动词，be动词之后，实义动词之前 We have already read the book.,二.副词的分类,1、时间和频度副词:now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,hardly,finally,shortly,before,ago,
26、sometimes,yesterday.,2、地点副词:here,there,everywhere,anywhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,down,back,forward,home,upstairs,downstairs,across,along,round,around,near,off,past,up,away,on.3、方式副词:carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fast,well,calmly,politely,proudly,softly,warmly,4、程度副词，放在被修
27、饰词之前:much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,perfectly,enough,extremely,entirely,almost,slightly.5、疑问副词：how,when,where,why.6、关系副词：when,where,why.7、连接副词:how,when,where,why,whether.,三、副词的排列顺序,1）时间，地点副词：小在前，大在后。2)yo方式副词，短在前，长在后，并用and或but Please write slowly and carefully.3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。The
28、 children played games very quietly in their room by themselves yesterday。,注意：1 副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。改错：(错)I very like English.(对)I like English very much.注意：2副词enough放形容词后，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to e
29、at.,十大词性,五、动词,1.概念：,表示_和_的词。,2.英文表达：,verb,3.英文缩写：,v.,动作,状态,jump 跳,run 跑,I am a teacher.She is a student.You are a boy.,动作,am,is,are,状态,Game,Find verb in the following phrase.,ride a bike fly a kite make a cake color the dog clean the road follow the nurse,动词的分类1 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为行为动词（实义动词）、系动词、助动词和情态动
30、词四类，有些动词是兼类词。如：,We have lunch at 12.I am hungry.She didnt know him.You can swim.,系动词作为系动词，有些不具词义；有些具有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,1）状态系动词只有be一词2）持续系动词keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,3）表像系动词seem,appear,look4）感官系动词feel,smell,sound,taste 5）变化系动词become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run 6）终止
31、系动词prove,turn out,表达证实，变成之意,助动词最常用的助动词有：be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,1)助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用 2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，a.表示时态，He has got married.b.表示语态，He was sent to England.c.构成疑问句，Do you like college life?d.与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，I dont like him.e.加强语气，He did know that.,情态动词有一定的词义，但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话
32、人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。,只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would)可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need,dare具有情态动词特征：have(had,has)to,used to,实义动词实义动词意思完全，能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词（及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词）,Think,play,drive等,动词有五种形态,分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third
33、Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。,十大词性,六.数词,1.概念：,表示_和_的词。,2.英文表达：,numeral,3.英文缩写：,num.,数量多少,先后顺序,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。),一、基数词 基数词写法和读法二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式：first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st,基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：a.与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如 hundreds
34、of people 指许多人；b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里；如：They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。c.表示几十岁；d.表示年代，用 in+the+数词复数；e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5=15 Three fives is(are)fifteen.,数词的用法,1）表示倍数 once，twice，three times2）表示分数构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one third；3/7 three sevenths.,十大词性,七.介词,1.概念：,表示_、
35、_、_之间关系的词。,2.英文表达：,preposition,3.英文缩写：,prep.,人与人,事物与事物,人与事物,Emma is beside Cassie.,beside,I am in the room.,人与人,The pen is on the table.,事物与事物,人与事物,on,in,介词分类,按结构英语介词可分为2类：1简单介词（约有70个），如：in，at，on，by，with，down，for，beside，along，across等。2短语介词，指多个单词构成的介词，如，in front of,out of,instead of,far from,apart fr
36、om 等。,1.表示地点位置的介词 at,in,on,to,above,over,below,under,in front of,in the front of,beside，behind 2.表示时间的介词in,on，at,after,from,since,时间名词前介词用法口诀 年前周前要用in,具体日子要用on,遇到几号也用on,上午下午得是in,要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚,午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不错,at用在时分前,说“差”可要用上to,说过要用past,表示运动方向的介词：across,through 4.表示“在之间”的介词：表示“在之间”的介词在英语中属于方位介词，如
37、in front of，behind，on，in，near，under，up between,among,十大词性,八.连词,1.概念：,连词是连接_、_、_的词,2.英文表达：,conjunction,3.英文缩写：,conj.,单词与单词,短语与短语,句子与句子,blue and red stand up and sit downI like apples,but my mother likes bananas.,and,and,but,短语与短语,单词与单词,句子与句子,英语词性解析-连词连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和
38、从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,（and）then等等。,冠,冠词是谁的帽子呢？,十大词性,九.冠词,1.概念：,冠词是_的帽子。,2.英文表达：,article,3.英文缩写：,art.,名词,a bookan orangethe moon,冠词是名词的帽子。,冠词有三大类a an the,不定冠词a/an只用于单数名词之前，表示“一”的意思或该名词的不特定性。定
39、冠词the则强调该名词的特定性，表示“这”、“这些”等意思，在可数名词与不可数名词之前都能使用,A.不定冠词的种类：不定冠词有两个：a和an。a用于以辅音音标开头的单词之前。一本书_一个女人_an用于以元音音标开头的单词之前。一个苹果_一位老人_一个小时_一个鸡蛋_,当形容词修饰名词时，冠词要放在形容词的前面，这时用a或an取决于这个形容词的读音。一位英语老师_一个红苹果_,.不定冠词的用法：用于第一次提到的、不确定的人或物（可数名词）之前Thereis_outsidethedoor.门外有一条狗。Doyousee_inredT-shirt?你有看到一个穿红体恤衫的男子吗？用于价格或时间等名词
40、的前面，是“每”的意思4Yuan_kilo每公斤4元once_week一周一次,表示职业、身份 _ lawyer一个律师 _ doctor 一个医生 用于数字、量词之前 _ 一百 _ lot 许多 _ couple 一对 用于一些固定词组中 have _ _休息 make _ living谋生 _ great deal 很多,定冠词的用法 A.定冠词的一般用法 用于第二次谈到的人或物 She has a bag._ bag is yellow.她有一个包，这个包是黄色的。用于双方共知的人或物 I dont like _ coat.我不喜欢这件大衣。“the+n单数.”可以表示一类人或物 _ _
41、 大熊猫 _ _ 司机,B.定冠词的特殊用法,定冠词常用于一些特定词的前面。助记：沙漠、河流与群山；列岛、海峡与海湾；阶级、党派、国家名；组织、团体和机关；方位、朝代、独一词；会议、文件及报刊；乐器、建筑、海洋群；定冠词帽戴在前。_YellowRiver河play_piano弹钢琴_GreatWall长城_PeoplesDaily人民日报_UnitedNations联合国,用于姓氏复数之前表示全家人/夫妇俩_格林一家_李先生一家“the+adj.”表示一类人或物the_富人the_ 穷人the_年轻人用于一些固定词组中inthe_在晚上atthe_在此时gotothe_去电影院,零冠词,下列情
42、况应免冠，代词限定名词前；专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭；复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前；颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。在一些专有名词（人名、地名、月份、节日等）之前，不用冠词MissLaura劳拉小姐DoctorSmith史密斯医生Hydepark海德公园,Australia澳大利亚_三月_Day儿童节名词前已有修饰词的时候，不用冠词this_今天早上my_我的书your_你的孩子在表示三餐、球类、棋类和游戏等名词前，一般不用冠词play_打篮球play_打牌play_玩游戏have_吃晚饭在物质名词和抽象名词前，一般不用冠词Welove_.我们爱和平。Smokingisbadfor_.吸烟有害健康。,十大词性,十、感叹词,1.概念：,表示_情感情绪的词。,2.英文表达：,interjection,3.英文缩写：,int.,喜怒哀乐,
