英语句子成分及练习课件.ppt

《英语句子成分及练习课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语句子成分及练习课件.ppt（71页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。

1、句子的成分,Members of the Sentence,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。,Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverbOc-object complement,主,宾,表,补,定,状,（一）主语,主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当

2、主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：,1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to

3、the health.6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（二）谓语,谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词

4、或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.,2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,（三）表语,

5、表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）,6.His

6、 job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up.The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主

7、语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：He seems(to be)very sad.,4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：The river was begi

8、nning to run dry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达结果是;证明是，之意，例如：The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.,（四）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have fiv

9、e.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give

10、,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,

11、fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window.,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,

12、remember,forget,regret等。forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了),（五）宾语补足语,宾语补足语（Object Complement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名

13、词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,

14、（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,（六）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）,5.Our

15、 monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句),（七）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Light

16、 travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must continue.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,9种状语种类如下：,1.How about meeti

17、ng again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to cat

18、ch up with the others,I must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,（八）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.（九）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话

19、做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等，如：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.,练习,一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.3.I shall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in

20、 the morning.,S.,Attribute,O.,Predicate,Adverbial,Attribute,Adverbial,Adverbial,6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.There is going to be an American film tonight.9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10.His wish is to become a scientist.11.He managed to

21、finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He found it important to master English.,Attribute,Predicative,O.,Predicate,S.,Predicate,S.,Predicative,Predicate,O.,Adverbial,AO.,RO.,14.Do you have anything else to say?15.To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.16.Would you please

22、 tell me your address?17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19.He noticed a man enter the room.20.The apples tasted sweet.,O.,Attribute,Parenthesis,O.,Adverbial,Adverbial,AS.,Predicative,O.C.,O.C.,Predicative,划分句子成分1.we are working.2.I can swim ve

23、ry well.3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me.4.Why does the wind blow.5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day.6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone.8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow.,9.I have a lot of clothes to wash.I have

24、 a lot of clothes to be washed.10.He gave his son some advice on reading.11.Read me the first paragraph.12.Ive ordered some soup for you.13.He began leaning English ten years ago.14.My being late worried my teacher.15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us.16.April Day is th

25、e special day of the year when you play a joke on someone.,17.He usually takes a nap after lunch,as is his habit.18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden.20.The telephone rang.21.We study hard.22.His father might have died.23.Will you leave the door

26、 open when going out.24.Can you make the dog stand still?,25.The landlord had them working day and night.26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing.27.We all breathe,eat,drink.28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning.29.The book weighs five kilos.30.They will be flying to London

27、.31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me.32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.,33.Please pass a newly-published magazine to me.34.He lived in Guang Zhou.35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees.36.His uncle left him some money.37.She is teaching the piano t

28、o several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years.38.I like popular music.39.She knows what to do next.40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school.,二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：,I hope you are very well.Im fine,but tired.Right now it is the summer vac

29、ation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.August is the hottest month here.It is the time of year for the rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the north where it is colde

30、r they grow wheat.We have a lot of machines on the farm.,Although the farm is large,my Dad has only two men working for him.But he employs more men for the harvest.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.It doesnt often rain in the summer here.As a result,we have to water the vegetable garden.

31、Every evening we pump water from a well.It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.,三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：,Most Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest time.These parties often make us very happy.We cook meat on an open fire outside.Its great!Americans eat a lot

32、of meat too much in my opinion.Some of my friends drink beer.I dont,because I have to drive home after the party.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States.There are five different time areas in the States.In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time.How many d

33、ifferent time areas do you have in China?Well,I must stop and get some sleep.Please give my best regards to your parents.,四、选择填空：,()1._ will leave for Beijing.A.Now there the man B.The man here nowC.The man who is here now D.The man is here now()2.The weather _.A.wet and cold B.is wet and coldC.not

34、wet and coldD.were wet and cold()3.The apple tasted _.A.sweets B.sweetly C.nicely D.sweet,()4.He got up _ yesterday morning.A.lately B.late C.latest D.latter()5.The actor _at the age of 70.A.dead B.died C.dyed D.dying()6._ were all very tired,but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A.We,us B.Us,we C

35、.We,our D.We,we,()7.He found the street much _.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly()8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A.its B.it C.that D.that is,()9.The dog _ mad.A.looks B.is looked C.is being looked D.was looked()10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A.that B.when C.in

36、which D.where,句子成分详解表,句子成份,句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（subject group）,谓语部分（predicate group）,句子成份：,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverb Oc-object complement,主,宾,表,补,定,状,1)主语（subject）,I like football.,The boy needs a pen.,句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任,常置于句首。,2)谓语（p

37、redicate）,说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。,The train leaves at 6 oclock.,I want a ticket.,动词不定式,动名词 或从句,名词,主格代词,动词,3)宾语（object）,4)表语（predicative）,He won the game.On the desk,表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。,Tome lost his life in the big fire.,He is a student.,用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.或adj.担任。置于系

38、动词之后。,除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem 等。,become,get,grow,turn,go,等,remain,keep,hold,stay,rest等。,5)宾补（objective complement）,补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。,They made him king.,I consider the book too expensive.,6)定语（attributive）对名词或代词起修饰、

39、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前。,The black bike is mine.,(),说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing,anything,everything,something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。I tell him something interesting.说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。The boys in the room are in Class Ten.,7)状语（adverbial）,用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句,位置灵

40、活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,I am very sorry.We often help him.When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语),.简单句,1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his

41、sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go.,Practice,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,.并列句,This is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water,or t

42、hey will die.Its not cheap,but it is very good.It was late,so I went to bed.,and,or,but,so,He knocked at the door;there was no answer.Youre alive!And shes dead.,名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,.复合句,A plane is a machine that can fly.,He said that he didnt like her.,状语从句,分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步

43、、方式、程度,1)时间状语从句,Wait until you are called.When spring came,leaves turn green.,常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,as soon as,whenever等,2)地点状语从句,Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.,常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere,3)原因状语从句,As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman,常

44、用的关联词有：because,as,since,4)结果状语从句,I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,such that,that,5)目的状语从句,Ill show you so you will see how its done.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,in order that,6)条件状语从句,If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.,常用的关联词有：if,unless,in case that,on condi

45、tion that,常用的关联词有：though,although,if even if,even though,7)让步状语从句,Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.,常用的关联词有：as,as if,as though,how,常用的关联词有：so,so that,as far as,so long as,8)方式状语从句,He did just as you told him.,9)程度状语从句,So long as you need me,Ill stay.,名词性从句,1)主语从句,*What he said is n

46、ot known.*That we shall be late is certain.*It is certain that we shall be late.*How strange it is that the children are so quiet!,2）表语从句,*That is what he wants to buy.*The problem is that who we can get to replace her?*The reason is that he has lied to me several times.,3)宾语从句,*I understand that he

47、 is well qualified.*He said that he didnt like her.*I dont know if you can help me.,4)同位语从句,*Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come?*The question who should do the work requires consideration.*Mother made a promise that she would buy me a new coat.,the idea,The question,a promise,注意！,*that与w

48、hat都可以引导名词性从句。*what在从句中充当句子成份（主,宾,表）。*That在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。*that在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）.,That is what he wants to buy.That we shall be late is certain.He said(that)he didnt like her.,引导词that&what,状语从句,分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度,1)时间状语从句,Wait until you are called.When spring came,leaves turn green.

49、,常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,as soon as,whenever等,2)地点状语从句,Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.,常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere,3)原因状语从句,As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman,常用的关联词有：because,as,since,4)结果状语从句,I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the t

50、elephone.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,such that,that,5)目的状语从句,Ill show you so you will see how its done.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,in order that,6)条件状语从句,If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.,常用的关联词有：if,unless,in case that,on condition that,常用的关联词有：though,although,if even if,even though,7)让步状语从句,Though Im f