《英语句子结构分析成分.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语句子结构分析成分.ppt（45页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习,句子种类两种分类法,按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating?How old is he?Which one you prefer,yellow one or red one?Mary can swim,cant she?3）祈使句：Be careful,boys.Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!,按句子的结构可分三种：,1)简单句2)并列句3)复合句,简单句,主谓 Thi
2、ngs change./day broke主系表 He remains unhappy/He is a doctor主谓宾 She knows the facts/he enjoys swimming主谓宾宾 She brings us happiness/He asked me a question主谓宾宾补 I found the book easy/he watched the girl coming out of the room.,简单句,简单句(simple sentence)只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述 提出一
3、个问题 发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹,Examples:The boy hit the dog./The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books./The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!,简单句的五个基本句型主语 不及物动词 She came.主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 主语补语 She is
4、happy主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book She bought a book for me.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage.,1.主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east（名词）He likes dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)Seeing is believing.（动名词）To see
5、is to believe.（不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）,(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词1.The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.2.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.3.To do todays homework wi
6、thout the teachers help is very difficult.,谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English.He is asleep.(二).选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usu
7、ally go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon,3.表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher.（名词）You dont look it.（代词）Five and five is ten.（数词）He is asleep.（形容词）His father is in.（副词）The
8、 picture is on the wall.(介词短语)My watch is gone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）,（常见的系动词有:be,sound（听起来）,look（看起来）,feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）,remain（保持，仍是）,feel（感觉）It sounds a good idea.The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet.Tom looks thin.The food sme
9、lls delicious.The food tastes good.The door remains open.Now I feel tired.,(三)挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.,4.宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或
10、者介词之后。如：I like China.（名词）He hates you.（代词）How many do you need?We need two.（数词）I enjoy working with you.（动名词）I hope to see you again.（不定式）Did you write down what he said?（宾语从句）,2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow,there are many rocks.3）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yes
11、terday.Give the poor man some money,(四)挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?his homework
12、English your pronunciation new words to go swimming,5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor.（名词）We all think it a pity that she didnt come here.（名词）We will make them happy.（形容词）We found nobody in.(副词)Please make yourself at home.（介词短语）Dont let him do that.（省to不定式）His father advised him to teach
13、the lazy boy a lesson.（带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning.（现在分词）Ill have my bike repaired.（过去分词）,(五)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw
14、 Mr.Wang get on the bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of school Lily get on the bus playing football on the playground,划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last
15、week.Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Did he leave any message for me?,6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）He is our friend.（代词）We belong to the third world.（数词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my
16、 old friend.(副词)The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.(介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2.（现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词）I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）You should do everything that I do.（定语从句）,(六)挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr.,Mrs.with the family name.What
17、 is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.family given third some downstairs,7.状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow.The meeting will be
18、held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.I like some of you very much.If you study hard,you will pass the exam.He goes to school by bike.Though he is young,he can do it well.,(七)挑出下列句
19、中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.on the face Every night when he was eleven fast off,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定
20、语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定 语(attribute)Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sport
21、s.,Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼语）,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分(substantive),（You）Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as,if(he does)not(run)faster,than you.(I)Hope you like it.
22、John should clean the room today and Peter(should clean it)tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分(Omissive Component),连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分(Conjun
23、ctive Component),1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.,我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。He worked hard all his life
24、.(划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)He is a school student in No.1 Middle School.(划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student),2)并列句：句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。e.g.You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.,并列句的分类,1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,not onlybut als
25、o,neithernor,then等连接。e.g.The teachers name is Smith,and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。e.g.Hurry up,or youll miss the train.,3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,yet,while等。e.g.He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表
26、示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for等。e.g.August is the time of the year for rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.,3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。从句包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从 句、表语从句和同位语从句）定语从句和状语从句等。句型主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.,复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句
27、子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。As is known to all,China is getting more and more powerful.(As 引导一个定语从句)Where there is a will,there is a way.(Where引导一个表地点的状语从句),Exercises 判断句型,1.Having finished his homework,the boy went on to help his mother.2.What he says doesnt suit what he does.
28、,(简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子),(复合句包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是一个主语从句；what he does 是一个宾语从句),3.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.4.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.5.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?,简单句,复合句,简单句,6.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.7.He was fond of dr
29、awing when he was yet a child.8.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.,并列句,复合句,简单句,9.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.10.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?11.The farmer is showing the boy how to
30、 plant a tree.12.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.,并列句,复合句,简单句,简单句,从句分类,从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，1.名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）。2.形容词性从句（即定语从句）。3.副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。,名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）,主语从句用作主语，如：That the earth is round is true.（斜体作主语）表语从句
31、用作表语，如：My opinion is that you should not go alone.（斜体作表语）,宾语从句用作宾语。如：Do you know where he lives?（斜体作宾语）同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：The fact that the earth is round is true.（that从句用于解释说明the fact）,形容词性从句（即定语从句）,定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：The student who answered the question was John.（斜体从句做了student的形容词，回答问题的学生）,
32、副词性从句,状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。When it rains,I usually go to school by bus.天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）If he comes tomorrow,you will see him.如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。（if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if+状语从句，主
33、句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。,He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。（结果状语，结果状语只是仅限于learn（得知），find（发现），see，hear，to be told（被告知），make（使得）等具有界限含义的动词。）You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.你必须大声说话，才能让所有人听到你说话。（目的状语，可以由
34、that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,in case等词引导。）,Since/As the weather is so bad,we have to delay our journey.天气那么糟，旅行就推迟了。（原因状语从句，常用 because,since,as,for fear(恐怕),seeing that(既然)，now that(=since),considering that(考虑到)等引导。）Though/Though he was worn out,(still)he kept on working.虽然他已经精疲力竭了，
35、但仍然继续工作。（让步状语从句，引导的连词主要有以下这些：though,although,as;even if,even though;whether.or.;no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever.)Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。（地点状语从句，通常由where,wherever 引导。）As water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。（方式状语从句通常由as,(just)asso,as if,as though引导。）,主句和从句的划分方法是相同的:句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分,谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若谓语是系动词(be,look,remain,seem,sound,appear等)，则系动词后的部分是表语。如：I am a teacher.其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是表语。He likes playing football very much.其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。,
