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1、语 法 专 题(一),名 词,名词要点精讲,名词是考试的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知考试中名词的考查点。,专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。,名词,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词(Common Nouns),个体名词(Individual Nouns),集体名词(Collective Nouns),物质名词(Material Nouns),抽象名词(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词(Uncount
2、able Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。,Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;New Years Day,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,Common Nouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,1.Individual Nouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西,可以指具体的人或物。E
3、g:aunts;a panda;apartments,也可指抽象东西。Eg:a year;fairy tales;a dream,2.Collective Nouns:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,His family _ not large.(be),Cf:His family _ all music lovers.(be),在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,E
4、g:The audience was(were)excited by the show.,is,are,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg:The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg:The police are looking for him.,3.Material Nouns:指无法分为个体的物质。,Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil,一般来说
5、，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg:Two strong black coffees,please.(两份）,Three beers,please.(三杯）,It was a special tea.(一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg:rains（雨季）sands（沙滩）snows(积雪）waters(海域),4.Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;
6、relief;silence;truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg:Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,抽象名词转化为可数名词。,Failure is the mother of success.(失败与成功在此为抽象概念）As a teacher,she is a success,but as a mother,she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child.(成功者，失败者，可数)
7、,名词的数,不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health,advice,glass,wood,English,America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。,可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Henrys,*3:以元音+oeg:videos;studios以oo结尾 eg:zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos一些缩写词 eg:k
8、ilos;photos;memos一些专有名词 eg:Eskimos;Filipinos,直接在词尾加-s.,*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefs,handkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。,单复数相同的情况：,sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu,只有复数形式的情况：,trousers(裤子);glasses(眼镜);compas
9、ses(圆规)a pair ofthanks;clothes;remains;goods;people;cattle,复合名词的复数形式：,1.词末+-s:film-goers;forget-me-nots 2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on;editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors;men cooks*这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman,不规则复数：,有些外来词的不规则复数形式：,巧记不规则名词单变复男女脚步牙鹅，老鼠加虱婆。man-men;woman-women;foot-feet;tooth-te
10、eth;goose-geese;mouse-mice;louse-lice.,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）,a glass(玻璃杯)a copper(铜币板)a tin(罐头)a paper(报纸，证件，论文)an iron(熨斗)a wood(树林)a gold(金牌)a youth(年青人)a power(大国)a beauty(美人，美的东西)a pleasure(使
11、人感到愉快的事)a relation(亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗)a machine(一台机器)a job(一件工作)a laugh(一个笑声)a permit(许可证)a garment(一件衣裳)a bag(case)(一件行李)a loaf(一只面包)a hair(一根头发),poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发),几个名词的特殊用法,hair_.（他的头发是白的
12、。）_.（他有几根白的头发。）,His hair is white,He has a few grey hairs,fruit The fruit is sweet.He likes pears,peaches,grapes and other fruits.,policeThe police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen,scoretwo(many,several)dozen pencilsthree _ them/these pencilsdozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of p
13、eople,dozen of,word（消息，通知）,man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。,名词的格,所有格的形式：一般的名词所有格在后面加 s，如：Marys book 以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加，如：Teachers Day,the students reading-room 以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格，如：Engelss works 或Engels works,s 结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：todays newspaper,fifteen minutes ride等与时间有关的名词。凡不能加 s 构成所有格的
14、名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如：Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?,一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：This is not my pen,but Marys.有时某些 s 结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：We can meet at Marys.He went to his sisters for dinner yesterday.I had the dress mad
15、e at the tailors at the corner of the street.Last week we visited St.Pauls.,名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake.She was at her wits end.Now they could sing at their hearts content.We should get the children out of harms way.We had best keep them
16、at arms length.For goodness sake,stop arguing.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（尽情地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。名词作定语时，需注意：an enemy soldier several _ a boy student three _ a man teacher three _ a woman doctor three _ _（一家鞋店）,名词在句子中的作用,enemy soldiers
17、,boy students,men teachers,women doctors,a shoe store,heart trouble snow mountain hearty welcome snowy table-cloth rain drops stone house rainy season stony heart rose garden rosy face gold ring golden sunshine/times/age/wedding,用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较：,试 题,1.Apple is a word.A.five-letter B.five-letters C
18、.fives-letters D.five letters2.All the in the hospital got a rise yesterday.women doctorsB.woman doctors C.women doctorD.woman doctor3.After ten years,all those youngsters became.A.growns-up B.growns up C.grown-up D.grown-ups,4.The police investigated the about the bank robbery.A.stander-by B.stande
19、rs-by C.stander-bys D.standers-by 5.She used to have three.boys friends B.boys friend C.boy friends D.boy friend 有“-”连字符的，在其名词部分后加S，如 five-letters，standers-by，lookers-on 无名词部分的 在复合词后如S，如 grown-ups，sit-ins 由boy或girl 作为第一部分的复合名词，要在最后词后加-S，如boy friends，girl friends 由man或woman作为第一部分的复合名词表职位时，均用复数，如men d
20、octors，women writers,（）,6.The committee been arguing about the economic problems among themselves for many hours.A.have B.has C.could have D.can have 集体名词被看作若干个体时，具有复数概念；被看作一个整体时，具有单数概念。这类词有：family，government，class，surrounding，committee，club，company7.Seventy percent illiterate in that area.A.is B.ar
21、e C.is to be D.can have 8.His trousers in his suitcase.A.is always kept B.are kept always C.are always kept D.have always been,9.The young couple boughtfor their living room.A.some new furniture B.some new furnituresC.many new furniture D.many new furnitures Furniture 家具，不可数名词。Many 修饰可数，much 修饰不可数，s
22、ome，any 都可修饰，但any用在疑问和否定句中。a few 修饰可数，肯定含义；a little 修饰不可数，否定义。10.Mathematics easy to learn.A.is B.are C.can D.feels 学科类的词，如maths,economics,politics,electronics,mechanics(力学)等含有复数概念。11.I had my hair cut at the around the corner.barberB.barbers C.barbers D.barbers s后的名词如指商店、家宅时，名词可省略，如上：在理发店；at the do
23、ctors：在诊所,12.The woman over there is.A.Julia and Mary mother B.Julia and Marys motherC.Julias and Marys motherD.Julias and Mary mother 表示各自的所有关系时，名词末尾均须加 s，如As and Bs bedrooms,表示他们共同的关系时,仅在最后一词尾加s，如上；13.The students must finish the test in.three quarters of an hour time three quarters of an hour tim
24、e three quarters of an hours time three quartersof an hours time ofs 的复合结构,又如：a friend of my brothers 我兄弟的一个朋友。,14.His article is better than in the class.A.anyones else B.anyone else C.anyones elses D.anyone elses 15.is covered with heavy snow.A.The earths surfaceB.The surface of earthC.The surface earth D.The earth surface s属格和of属格用法的区别：s 表有生命的，也表时间、自然现象、度量衡、国家、城市；用of 表示无生命的，抽象的，或修饰语较多的；,Good bye!,
